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Government - supported insurance schemes through national export credit agencies ( ECAs ) are established in only about 4 0 industrialized or emerging market countries,
Governmentsupported insurance schemes through national export credit agencies ECAs are established in only about industrialized or emerging market countries, but their role in promoting exports is also important to buyers in most countries. ECAs play a crucial role in supporting the transfer of goods and services and indirectly providing knowledge and expertise to many countries, particularly developing countries. Insurance is based on a mutual relationship between the insurer and the insured, with both parties entering into obligations towards one another.
Many forms of export credit insurance have been created to cover different parts of the transaction, such as shipment only or including the production period. Each insurance cover is based on special terms and conditions, which the seller must check with the preconditions applicable to the individual transaction. The most common conditions are related to the seller's own risk in the transaction, qualifying or waiting periods, or conditions precedent. However, the seller also has obligations towards the insurer, such as retaining the uninsured percentage during the whole insured period or only being transferred under certain conditions.
Export credit insurance cover is limited by three main factors: the percentage of coverage, qualifying period, and settlement risk when invoicing in a foreign currency. The seller should always go through all aspects of noncoverage with the insurer, especially in situations where tailormade coverage is needed. When calculating the size and potential cost of these uncovered risks, the seller must assume that the maximum risk occurs not only when delivery obligations have been fulfilled but before receipt of the first payment from the buyer.
To calculate this risk and its inherent costs, the seller must consider capital costs, interest costs, and settlement costs. Incorrect, misleading, changed, or unreported circumstances may lead to the insurance being reduced or revoked. The seller must also take reasonable action during the insurance period to prevent or mitigate potential damage or losses under the insurance.
In the private sector insurance market, all commercial buyers are preevaluated and individual credit limits are established for each buyer. The seller must ensure that these credit limits are available and are part of the credit insurance contract. If used correctly, export credit insurance can be a crucial part of the whole structure of the deal, whether it is to cover ordinary daytoday shortterm export transactions or the additional risk of mediumterm credit. a what does the above paragraph imply about the "goods" covered by such export credits? b What is the connection, if any, between such trade and "providing knowledge and expertise to many countries"?
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