Gregory and Alex started a small business based on a secret-recipe salad dressing that got rave reviews. Gregory runs the business end and makes all final operational decisions. Alex runs the creative side of the business. Alexs salad dressing was a jalapeno vinaigrette that went great with barbeque or burgers. He got many requests for the recipe and a local restaurant asked to use it as the house special, so Alex decided to bottle and market the dressing to the big box stores. Whole Foods and Trader Joes carried the dressing; sales were increasing every month. As the business grew, Gregory and Alex hired Michael, a college friend and CPA, to be the CFO of the company. Michaels first suggestion was to do a five-year strategic plan with expanding product lines and taking the company public or selling it within five to seven years. Gregory and Alex werent sure about wanting to go public and losing control, but expanding the product lines was appealing. Michael also wanted to contain costs and increase profit margins. At Alexs insistence, they called a meeting with Michael to discuss his plans. Michael, we hired you to take care of the accounting and the financial details, Alex said. We dont understand profit margins. On containing costs, the best ingredients must be used to ensure the quality of the dressing. We must meet all FDA requirements for food safety and containment of food borne bacteria, such as listeria or e. coli, as you develop cost systems. Of course, Michael responded. I will put processes in place to meet the FDA requirements. At the next quarterly meeting of the officers, Alex wanted an update on the FDA processes and the latest inspection. He was concerned whether Michael understood the importance of full compliance. Michael, Alex said, the FDA inspector and I had a discussion while he was here. He wanted to make sure I understood the processes and the liabilities of the company if foodborne bacteria are traced to our products. Are we doing everything by the book and reserving some liabilities for any future recalls? Michael assured Alex and Gregory that everything was being done by the book and the accounting was following standard practices. Over the next 18 months, the FDA inspectors came and Michael reported everything was fine. After the next inspection, there was some listeria found in the product. The FDA insisted on a recall of batch 57839. Alex wanted to recall all the product to make sure that all batches were safe. A total recall is too expensive and would mean that the product could be off the shelves for three to four weeks. It would be hard to regain our shelf advantage and we would lose market share, Michael explained. Alex seemed irritated and turned to Gregory for support, but he was silent. He then walked over to where Michael was sitting and said, Michael, nothing is more important than our reputation. Our promise and mission is to provide great-tasting dressing made with the freshest, best, organic products. A total recall will show that we stand by our mission and promise. I know we would have some losses, but dont we have a liability reserve for recall, like a warranty reserve? The reserve will not cover the entire expense of a recall, Michael said. It will be too expensive to do a total recall and will cause a huge loss for the quarter. In the next six months, we will need to renew a bank loan; a loss will hurt our renewal loan rate and terms. You know I have been working to get the company primed to go public as well. Alex offered that he didnt care about going public. He didnt start the business to be profitable. Gregory, on the other hand, indicated he thought going public was a great idea and would provide needed funds on a continuous basis. Alex told Michael that he needed to see all the FDA inspection reports. He asked, What is the FDA requiring to be done to address the issue of listeria? Im handling it, Alex, Michael said. Dont worry about it. Just keep making new salad dressings so that we can stay competitive. Well, Michael, just answer what the FDA is asking for. Just to sterilize some of our equipment, but it shouldnt be too bad. Michael, its more than that, Alex responded. The FDA contacted me directly and asked me to meet with them in three days to discuss our plans to meet the FDA requirements and standards. We will be fined for not addressing issues found in prior inspections. I want to see the past inspection reports so I can better understand the scope of the problem. Listen, Alex, Michael said. I just completed a costbenefit analysis of fixing all the problems identified by the FDA and found the costs outweighed the benefits. Were better off paying whatever fines they impose and move on. Michael, I dont care about costbenefit analysis. I care about my reputation and that of the company. Bring me all the inspection reports tomorrow. The three of them met the following day. As Alex reviewed the past inspection reports, he realized that he had relied on Michael too much and his assurances that all was well with the FDA. In fact, the FDA had repeatedly noted that more sterilization of the equipment was needed and that storage of the products and ingredients needed additional care. Alex began to wonder whether Michael should stay on with the company. He also was concerned about the fact that Gregory had been largely silent during the discussions. He wondered whether Gregory was putting profits ahead of safety and the reputation of the company. Alex knows what the right thing to do is. As Alex prepares for a meeting on the inspection reports the next day, he focuses on influencing the positions of Michael and Gregory, both of whom will be involved in the meeting. Put yourself in Alexs position and answer the following questions.

1. Giving Voice to Values links ethical intent and ethical action to which of the following?

Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development

Rest Four Stage Model

Jones Moral Intensity Model

Libby and Thorne Study on Virtue

2. Michael has ignored which of the Kohlberg Stages of Moral Development?

Sensitivity

Moral Intensity

Intellectual Virtue

Social Contract

3. This is a Giving Voice to Values case because:

Alex is demonstrating instrumental virtue

gregory is demonstrating moral intensity

michael is demonstrating sensitivity

michael is rationalizing after the fact