Hard fraud is deliberate, planned attempt to falsify information or withhold information for the express purpose of financial gain for the agent or the client. All of the following are examples of hard fraud EXCEPT:

$($Search Chapter $2)$

a$.$ Derek took a premium payment from Mertel Corporation but never had a policy issued.

b$.$ Clive sold Star Trucking a policy that it did not need.

c$.$ Carrie insured Denise's house for more than its replacement value.

d$.$ Anna refused to backdate a policy to provide coverage for a claim.