healthcare consumer packages goods giant johnson and johnson $($J&J$)$ european operations were comprised of $12$ distribution centers in seven countries. the company's initial analysis showed there was little or no consolidation among facilities. the facilities had high operational costs $($US $$10$million $+),$ but transportation costs were relatively low $($US $$6$million$+).$ the distribution centers were geographically located to help meet the specific needs and service expectation of their european customers. since J&J is always on the lookout for ways to streamline and improve its supply chain practives, it was very interested in ways to improve its manufacturing and distribution activies in europe.

an initial result of applying the network optimization software was a reduction in the number of distribution centers from $12$ to $2.$ although this scenario as accompanied by increases in the transportation costs to customer locations, overall systems costs decreased by US $$7$ million. given the strategic importance of maintaining acceptably high levels of customer service, however, it was important to incorporate the requirement of retaining reasonable customer service levels $($ie$.$ one day service for some customers, with two day service for others$)$ into the formulation of the network optimization model. in addition, it also was necessary for the model to consider factors such as the expense of long terms leases, etc.

subsequently, a network optimization model that responded to the issues discussed earlier was developed and utilizslughtlyed. the end result included a reduction in the number of distribution centers from $12$ to $5,$ which tranlated into a decrease in facility costs from US $ $10\mathrm{.}1$ million to US $$3\mathrm{.}9$ million. although transporation costs increased slightly$--$from US $$6\mathrm{.}6$million to US $$7\mathrm{.}6$ million, the overall network experienced network was a

oble to meet customer service objectives such as those outlined earlier.

Questions:

$1.$ what factors help to explain why J&J historcally had as many as $12$ distribution centers in europe?

$2.$ what steps in the supply chain network design process discussed in this chapter would have been most relevant to the task faced by J&J in Europe?

$3.$ are there other factors that the network optimization study should have considered?

$4.$ this case stidy focuses on the shipments from distribution centers to customer location. what factors on the supply side, or inbound to DC side, would be relevant to the analysis that was conducted?