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Helium is unique in that as you cool it towards absolute zero at atmospheric pressure, it does not ever cross a phase transition in which
Helium is unique in that as you cool it towards absolute zero at atmospheric pressure, it does not ever cross a phase transition in which it becomes a solid. Rather, 4He liquifies at 4.25K and continues to cool until it undergoes ANOTHER phase transition into a so-called superfluid phase at 2.17K. Superfluid 4He is a so-called quantum fluid, in that its properties diverge from a classical fluid in that they have strong wave-like properties. Problem 1.1. First, calculate the de Broglie wavelength =h/p for an atom of 4He near its boiling point at 4.25 K, where h is Planck's constant and p is the classical momentum of the helium atom. The root-mean-square velocity of an ideal gas can be calculated using the formula vrms=3kbT/m, where kb is Boltzmann's constant (kb=1.3806491023J/K). Is this wavelength greater or less than helium's physical van der Waals diameter of 280 pm? In other words, at 4.25 K, can helium be considered wave-like or particle like
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