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"Bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression or bipolar affective disorder, is characterized by mood swings ranging from high energy, restlessness, and irritability ("manic" episodes) to sadness or deep despair ("depressive" episodes)." (Alic M 2015)During manic phases, individuals like Monroe might exhibit boundless energy, engage in rapid speech, or have a reduced need for sleep. For instance, her reported episodes of excessive spending or abrupt decisions on set could reflect such manic symptoms. During depressive episodes, someone may experience profound sadness, a loss of energy, or a decreased sense of self-worth, which in Monroe's case, might have been evident in her withdrawal from social activities or expressed through her noted emotional vulnerabilities. (Alic M 2015)

"Bipolar disorder affects approximately 5.7 million adult Americans, or about 2.6 percent of the U.S. population age 18 and older every year." (Bipolar Disorder 2017) "It affects people of all races, cultures, professions, and income levels. Men and women are affected at equal rates." (Bipolar Disorder 2017)

While proper treatment helps manage symptoms, the condition can positively and negatively impact a person's life. On the positive side, individuals could go through phases of high mood and vitality, which can result in more creativity and productivity. They might also be more motivated and focused, which would enable them to finish work and reach objectives more quickly, on the negative side, it can lead to impulsive behavior, strained relationships, and professional challenges, making it difficult to maintain a stable job and general well-being. (Bipolar disorder 2016)

Media Depiction of the Disorder Marilyn Monroe

"Marilyn Monroe was an American actress who became a major sex symbol, starring in several commercially successful motion pictures during the 1950s". (Marilyn Monroe 2017).The media's representation of Marilyn Monroe often focused on her emotional volatility, which was manifested in her temperamental responses to directors and her inconsistent on-set performance, ranging from moments of brilliance to paralyzing stage fright.For instance, during the filming process, her fluctuating self-esteem is evident in her oscillation between supreme self-assurance and overwhelming anxiety, leading to numerous retakes and production delays. Delving into Monroe's personal life, specific behaviors further underscore her bipolar tendencies. Her chaotic private life, marked by several marriages and adulterous affairs, reflects the impulsive and risky behaviors often associated with manic episodes. The multimedia portrayal of Monroe's life reveals a history of sexual abuse,andtime spent in foster homes, and an orphanage, contributing to her emotional struggles. Troubled marriages, miscarriages, and emotional instability point to periods of depression. Concrete examples of erratic behavior and temperamental outbursts are particularly notable during the filming of "Something's Got to Give," where Monroe's struggles to maintain regular attendance suggest possible manic episodes. Witnesses onthefilmset recall instances where she would alternate betweenextraordinary productivity moments and intenseagitation. (Marilyn Monroe."American Decades)

Stigmatization is an expression of shame, by which a person affected by a mental illness is dishonored, discriminated against, and labeled so that the individual develops a fear of social exclusion and non-acceptance, which considerably hinders the ability to ask for help from a specialist or any other people. (Love H 2015)The stigma around mental health concerns often takes the form of criticism, prejudice, and social marginalization of those who deal with them. Monroe's turbulent upbringing details a period in her life when she stayed in foster homes and orphanages. This may suggest that those who have suffered early hardship are more prone to acquire mental health disorders, which may further add to the stigma attached to mental health problems. (Black 2021)

School of Psychology

Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology that emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind in human behavior. Psychoanalysts believe that our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and desires can significantly impact our behavior, even though we are not aware of them. (Rangel 2010) For example, a person who is afraid of public speaking may have an unconscious fear of being rejected or humiliated. This fear may cause them to avoid public speaking situations, even though they know they can speak in public. A person who is in a relationship may have an unconscious desire to sabotage the relationship, this desire may be motivated by a fear of intimacy or a fear of being abandoned. Another example would be a person who is struggling with addiction may have an unconscious need to self-medicate they may use drugs or alcohol to cope with difficult emotions or to escape from problems in their life. (Rangel 2010)

Historical figure

Anna Freud, daughter of Sigmund Freud, was a prominent figure in the psychological community, known for her studies on defensive mechanisms and contributions to child psychoanalysis. Her 1927 publication, "Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis," established child psychoanalysis as a separate field of study. Freud's seminal paper "The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense" in 1936 provided a comprehensive understanding of the ego's defense mechanisms against anxiety and psychological discomfort. Freud's contributions to child psychoanalysis and defense mechanisms research have had a lasting impact on the understanding of pediatric psychological illnesses and the field of psychotherapy. Her commitment to children's mental health and well-being has elevated her to a key position in understanding human development. Freud's contributions to psychology are still highly valued and researched, and her theories and insights are still highly respected. She was awarded multiple honorary degrees by prestigious colleges, including Yale, Columbia, Harvard, Vienna, and Yale. In addition, she was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1967 and received the Dolly Madison Award in 1965. (Benson 2007)

Anna Freud would be most associated with the psychoanalytic school because she was a pioneer of ego psychology, which is a branch of psychoanalysis that focuses on the ego's role in personality development and behavior. Her research, theories, and ideas embody the psychoanalytic school by emphasizing the importance of unconscious drives, defense mechanisms, and the ego's role in adaptation and reality testing. In her book, "The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense," Anna Freud identified and described ten different defense mechanisms that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety and conflict. (Beit 2006)