Question
Hello Expert In reference to the 3 figures below, can you please describe the statistics, and inferential statics, means and standard deviations for all groups
Hello Expert
In reference to the 3 figures below, can you please
- describe the statistics, and inferential statics,
- means and standard deviations for all groups
- introduce the table, by referring to it, also the describe the highlights
In regards to the Conclusion- please help to summarize results
Figure 1
PRISMA flowchart of screening, exclusion, and inclusion criteria.
Inclusion Criteria1. VRET was used as a therapy or as a supplement to evidence-based treatment to reduce PTSD symptoms; 2. The study focused on the efficacy of VRET to reduce PTSD symptoms; 3. PTSD symptoms were assessed with validated PTSD assessment instruments; self-reported or clinician-rated; 4. VRET minimally consisted of either an Head-mounted displayHMD that immersed a patient into a digital environment or a large projector screen that displayed the virtual environment.
Excluded Criteria1. Published in languages other than English; 2. Non-experimental/non-RCT studies were excluded
Figure 2
Results of the qualitative analysis for each study.
References | Therapeutic Framework | Period of Time | Number of Sessions | Medication | Homework | Hardware | Software |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
David J. Ready et al. (2006) [34] | PE | Two 90-min sessions | 8 to 20 | n.r. | Yes; Breathing exercise for stress management and was asked to practice this exercise daily | n.r. | Virtual Vietnam |
Rizzo, A et al. (2010) [35] | PE | 2 weekly, 90-120-min sessions over 5 weeks | 10 | n.r. | Yes; First item in a hierarchical list about a traumatic event and listening to the audiotape of their exposure narrative from the most recent session | HMDeMagin z800 | Virtual Iraq |
Ready, D. J., et al. (2010) [34] | PE | n.r. | 10 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. |
Greg M. Reger et al. (2011) [36] | PE | 90 min | 3 to 12; | Yes77% N = 16; AntidepressantsN = 12; PrazosinN = 8; Sleep aidsN = 7; QuetiapineN = 1; LamotrigineN =1; Hydroxyzine pamoateN = 1 | Yes; Listening to audio recordings of each VR exposure to the memory | HMDeMagin z800 | Virtual Iraq |
Robert N. McLay et al. (2011) [37] | PE | VR-GET1 per week for up to 10 weeks; TAU10 weeks | VR-GET-10 TAU14 | Yes; psychotropic medications | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. |
Miyahira, S. D., et al. (2012) [38] | PE | 2 sessions per week for 5 weeks | 10 | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. |
Rothbaum et al. (2014) [39] | PE | 90 min; 45 min | 6; 5 | Yes; D-cycloserine (50 mg); Alprazolam (0.25 mg); The placebo medication 30 min before exposure | n.r. | HMDeMagin z800 | Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan |
Reger, G. M., et al. (2016) [40] | PE | 90-120 min | 10 | Yesn.r. | Non.r. | HMDeMagin z800 | Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan |
McLay et al. (2017) [41] | PE | 90-min 30-45 min | 8 to 12; 5 to 9 | n.r. | YesConfronting real life stresses in vivo; | HMDeMagin z800 | Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan |
Maples-Keller et al. (2018) [42] | PE | 90-min of 7 to 12 weeks; 30-45 min | 7 to 12; 6 to 11 | Yes Dexamethasone (0.5 mg) or placebo the night before virtual exposure | n.r. | HMDeMagin z800 | Virtual Iraq/ Afghanistan |
Van't Wout et al. (2018) [43] | PE | 90-min of 2 weeks; 30-45 min | 6; 6 | Yesn.r. | n.r. | HMDeMagin z800 | Virtual Iraq/ Afghanistan |
summarizes the study and treatment characteristics of the eleven articles included in this review. All selected papers were quantitative and experimental studies [34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43]; the sample size was 641 subjects. The dropout rate was 160 subjects, with 481 subjects remaining in the treatments. Patients were predominantly male (96.7%). The mean age ranged from 18 to 62 years across studies. Studies included active-duty soldiers and veterans with combat-related PTSD. All selected studies for this review were carried out in the United States.
Figure 3
Table 3
Results of Study 2Focus Group.
VR Potential | VR Software | VR Barriers |
---|---|---|
Motivation; Technology combined with traditional therapy. | Dynamic scenario; Multisensory; Realistic; Immersive; Envelopment; Stimulate the imagination | Not prepared to "enter" a war scenario again. |
Content analysis emerged on three main themes: (1) Importance of VR in PTSD, (2) VR software, (3) VR Barriers (Table 3).
This study provided guidelines for developing an immersive VR program-war scenario for Armed Forces veterans diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. VRET can be particularly useful in treating PTSD resistant to traditional exposure. It provides the ability to conduct extinction training/exposures for stimuli that may be too expensive or not feasible to implement in vivo, such as virtual combat situations. According to this research, new VRET programs should be combined with traditional therapy and must consider as requirements the sense of presence (spatial and/or social), dynamic scenarios, realistic feeling, multisensory experience, and should stimulate the imagination. Most of the studies on VRET included 3-20 virtual exposure sessions, lasting 30-120 min. In this co-creation process, researchers must involve end-users (mainly for the conception of narratives and content) and access all research developed on the subject to personalise the intervention and avoid inaccuracies.
We believe that the promising findings so far suggest that VRET could become a cost-efficient and effective means of providing treatment to various PTSD patient populations in the future.
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