Hello I have an economics math equation and have provided the question via image. I need help with

Which of the following correctly explain Ricardian equivalence? O a. The government should balance its budget by equating revenue and expenditure in every scal year. O b. Government spending does not crowd out private investment. 0 c. Government borrowing can function like increased current taxes, reducing current household and business expenditures. 0 d. Consumers do not base current spending on future expected tax liabilities. 0 e. Government spending that is nanced by borrowing has a smaller effect on the economy than government spending nanced by raising taxes