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Laboratory la Introduction Soil differs from other engineering materials in that usually there is no control over its structure, properties or behaviour in the ground. In site investigation the first requirement is to establish the nature and the state of the soils encountered in situ. The experiments in this laboratory session require you to describe and classify the nature and the state of various soil samples. 1. Measurement of specific gravity Fill the Eureka can with water, carefully add a known weight of dry sand from sample B and measure the volume of water which overflows. Determine the specific gravity of the sand. 2. Measurement of unit weight and water content Mix dry sand from sample B with water to prepare a sample at a moisture content of around 10% and make a sand-castle. Weigh the sand-castle, measure its dimensions and then measure the water content of a sample. Determine the unit weight and water content of the sand-castle and calculate the specific volume. (Use the value for Gs determined in Part 1.) 3. Plasticity of clay Liquid limit (LL): Take sufficient Speswhite Kaolin clay from the sample provided to fill about 2 cups of the fall-cone apparatus and place on the glass plate. Remould with the spatulas to ensure the mixture is uniform and place carefully in the cups ensuring that no air is trapped. Conduct the fall- cone test measuring the drop height of the cone, and taking after the test a water content sample from near the cone. The demonstrator will show you how to do all this. Remove the clay from the cup and add to the material on the glass plate. Add some water to the clay, mix thoroughly and repeat the experiment. You need to perform the test about 4 times with cone drop-heights covering the range 12 - 28mm. Plot a graph of cone penetration vs. water content and determine the Liquid Limit for the soil (water content at which the cone penetration would be 20mm). Plastic limit (PL): Take a small sample of clay from the beaker and roll it between your hands to form a cylinder of approximately 6mm diameter. Continue to roll this carefully on the glass plate until the cylinder is just cracking when it has reduced to 3mm diameter. Measure the water content of the sample. Repeat the test. Take the average as the Plastic Limit of the soil. Report Your report should be handwritten, and should address each of the numbered points below. There is a graphs pack and table for Part 1b at the end of the document, that you can print out if you wish. Otherwise please plot graphs on graph paper or squared paper following the instructions provided. Laboratory la 1. Measurement of specific gravity: Use the mass of dry sand (g) and the volume of water displaced (cc) from the Eureka can to find the specific gravity of the sand. Give the theory and show your working. (2 marks) 2. Unit weight and water content Find the water content of the sand sample from the Mass tin (g), Mass tin + wet sand (g) and Mass tin + dry sand (g). Use the dimensions of the sand castle (Height (mm) and Mean diameter (mm)) and the Mass (g) of the sandcastle to find the unit weight in kN/m, and then combine these to find the specific volume. Give theory and show working: (note that the sample is not saturated so you will have to derive relationships between unit weight, water content, specific gravity and specific volume). (5 marks) 3. Plasticity of clay Liquid limit For each of the samples for which data is provided calculate the water content, show your calculations in a table. Then plot water content against the penetration of the cone. If you have a printer you can print out the graph provided in the graph pack. Otherwise plot water content on the y axis from 40 - 85% on a linear scale and log 10(cone penetration in mm) from 0.3 to 1.6. 20mm penetration occurs when log10(20) = 1.3. Find the water content at this point to find the Liquid Limit. Plastic limit For each of the plastic limit samples, find the water content. The Plastic Limit will be the average of these values. Show your calculations. In three or four sentences comment on the results you have obtained. (6 marks) 1a. Classification of Soil 1. Measurement of specific gravity: Mass of dry sand added to the Eureka can = ...197.......... 9 Volume of water displaced and measured by the measuring cylinder = 72 ....... CC 2. Measurement of unit weight and water content: Sand castle (made using wet sand): Height of the sand castle = ...7.5...mm 49 69 Mean diameter of the sand castle (from top and bottom diameter measurements) = .5.9.... mm Mass of the sand castle = ..3.04.93..g Sample of wet sand in the tin: Mass of the tin=.5.52.9 c4 Mass of the tin plus the wet sand = 57.86. Mass of the tin plus the dry sand (measured after drying in the oven) = 55.70.. ..... 9 C2 mass tin & day scil- 56.369 Plasticity of clay: ........ 9 3. Liquid limit (LL) Readings taken from the dial gauge of the fall-cone apparatus (for four clay samples having different water content): Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 5.2 Sample 4 3.5 Initial reading (mm) 5.0 4.1 Final reading (mm) 18.0 21.6 23.5 28.7 Data to derive the water content of the four clay samples which were used for the fall-cone test: 33 C6 CS 16 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Mass of the tin containing the 5.27 5.25 5.46 3.86 sample (g) Mass of tin+wet clay sample (g) 22.54 42.90 25.41 33.62 Mass of tin+dry clay sample (after drying in the oven) (g) 16.45 28.36 17.56 20.96 FI - MAN day wil od Itin& day soil - 16.60g 66 - mass of line day seil - 13.929 E6 - mass of tin + dayseid - 19.259 A3 - mass of tint - 30.349 B2 - mass of tiu + day seil - 26.419 AG - mass of tin & day seil - 19.759 D1 mass of ten + day seil - 14.879 B4 - mass of tu day seil - 24.159 D5- mass of ten + day sil - 20.819 day inl - 13.72 g mass a tint Group(s): 557, 558,751,560 . Plastic limit (PL) Measurements taken for two cylinders of clay at their plastic limit (data used to derive their water content): FS F4 Cylinder 1 Cylinder 2 Mass of the tin containing the cylinder (9) 3.21 3.96 Mass of tin+wet cylinder(g) 8.15 7.56 Mass of tin+dry cylinder (after drying in the oven) (9) 7.25 6.69 F6 - mass of tin + day coll 10.049 E5-mass of tia & day coil- 8.01g E2 - mass of tin - day wie 5.679 F2 - mass of ten + day cirl - 11.10g