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In this problem, assume that the distribution of differences is approximately normal. Note. For degrees of freedom d.f. not in the Student's t- table, use the closest d.f. that is smaller. In some situations, this choice of d.f. may increase the P-value by a small amount and therefore produce a slightly more "conservative" answer. In environmental studies, sex ratios are of great importance. Wolf society, packs, and ecology have been studied extensively at different locations in the U.S. and foreign countries. Sex ratios for eight study sites in northern Europe are shown below. Location of Wolf Pack % Males (Winter) % Males (Summer) Finland 88 69 Finland 35 38 Finland 75 58 Lapland 55 48 Lapland 64 55 Russia 50 50 Russia 41 50 Russia 55 45 LO USE SALT It is hypothesized that in winter, "loner" males (not present in summer packs) join the pack to increase survival rate. Use a 5% level of significance to test the claim that the average percentage of males in a wolf pack is higher in winter. (Let d = winter - summer.) (a) What is the level of significance? State the null and alternate hypotheses. Will you use a left-tailed, right-tailed, or two-tailed test? Hold= 0; Hi: H 0; right-tailed O Hold= 0; Hild # 0; two-tailed O Holl > 0; Hill = 0; right-tailed (b) What sampling distribution will you use? What assumptions are you making? O The standard normal. We assume that d'has an approximately uniform distribution. O The Student's t. We assume that d' has an approximately normal distribution. O The Student's t. We assume that d'has an approximately uniform distribution. The standard normal. We assume that d'has an approximately normal distribution. What is the value of the sample test statistic? (Round your answer to three decimal places.) (c) Find (or estimate) the P-value. O P-value > 0.250 O 0.125