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Week 4: Homework for Chapter 6, 7, 11 a) 1 kg of water or 1 kg of iron? #1: does the temperature of an object measure the total translational kinetic energy of The 1 kg of iron molecules in the object of a measure OR the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in the object? b) Defend your answer. Temperature is a measure of the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in the object. A greater change in temperature occurs for iron because it has a lower specific heat capacity. #2: Once a system has reached 0 degrees Kelvin, how much energy can be removed? #9: Which natural substance is an exception to the claim that all substances contract (get denser) when cooled? When a system is at 0 K no more energy can be taken. This is absolute zero and implies that all the molecules are completely at rest (no kinetic energy) and no more energy can be taken. "WATER" is one of the few exceptions to this behavior. When liquid water is cooled, it The temperature cannot drop below 0 K. contracts like one would expect until a temperature of approximately 4 degrees Celsius is reached. After that, it expands slightly until it reaches the freezing point, and then when it #3: Does thermal energy from hot to cold or cold to hot? freezes it expands by approximately 9%. Hot to cold #10: Considering the box example (figure 7.19) on textbook page 175, why does the pupil of the eye appear black? #4: How does heat differ from thermal energy? (Think about the definition of heat) Light that enters the pupil bounces several times before exiting, and is absorbed on each bounce, so little light exits. Heat energy is a form of energy that is in transit, whereas thermal energy refers to the total energy of all the particles contained within a system and maintained at a specific temperature. #11: Describe what the temperatures on Earth would be like if the greenhouse effect were completely eliminated? #5: Would a hot pie fresh out of the oven cool faster on the countertop or in the refrigerator? Why? Without greenhouse gases in the atmosphere , Earth's average temperature would plunge to 0 It will cool faster on the "COUNTER", because any hot food should be brought to room F (-180 C), making much of the planet uninhabitable by humans. temperature before refrigerating. The extremely hot pie will increase the temperature inside the refrigerator and put the other food inside in risk of spoiling and over work the fridge's #12: Describe what the temperatures on Earth would be like if Earth had a runaway greenhouse effect like Venus? system. #6: How does the temperature difference between two objects affect the speed of thermal Earth is sufficiently far away from the Sun that its surface temperature is low enough so that a energy flow between them? For instance, does thermal energy flow faster between a very hot runaway greenhouse gas effect will not take place. It would take a fairly substantial increase of surface temperature on Earth to provide conditions that are conducive to creating a and very cold object, or between a lukewarm object and a slightly cool one? runaway greenhouse effect like Venus. Heat will always flow from a warmer substance to a cooler substance. As the thermal energy #13: flows from one object to another, the temperature of the warmer object will decrease, and the temperature of the cooler object will increase until both objects are the same temperature. a) What is evaporation? #7: Thinking about the differences in properties between the two metals, why does a bimetallic strip bend with changes in temperature? (If you need help, this was summarized on slide 31 of The process of water turning into a gas. the lecture) b) Why is it a cooling process? A bimetallic strip is made up of two different metals that are bound together. Since materials expand at different rates, when a bimetallic strip is heated (or cooled) the strip will bend. Energy that is taken from the remaining liquid by those molecules undergoing a phase change causes the temperature of the remaining liquid to decrease. #8: which undergoes a greater change in temperature when heat is applied:#14: from greatest to least, rank the frequency of radiation of these emitters of radiant energy: {a} redhot star. (b) blue-hot star. {c} sun. highest frequency: blue-hot star :- the sun :I- red-hot star :lowest frequency #15: what is the relationship between refraction and the speed of light? The index of refraction is inversely proportional to the speed of light in a material. #16: which has the higher frequency: red light or blue light? Blue light has a higher frequency and carries more energy than red light. #11": what prevents rainbows from being seen as complete circles? The ground gets in the way, cutting of viewing a whole circular rainbow. #18: is polarization a property of transverse waves, longitudinal waves, or both? Transverse waves. Polarization of light Iwaves demonstrates that they are transverse. A transverse lwave travels along the rope in one plane: plane polarized. Shaking the rope up and down produces a vertically plane-polarized wave. Shaking side to side produces a horizontally plane-polarized wave." #19: which have the longest wavelength: light waves, )IH'ays, or radio waves? Radio waves have the longest wavelength Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength. #ZD: light will not pass throng: a pair of Polaroid lters when theyr are aligned perpendicularly. [tut when a third Polaroid lter aligned 45 degrees to the pair is sandwiched between them, some light gets through. Why? If you need help, this is explained in the lecture. When the axes of a pair of Polaroids are aligned. light is transmitted through. The emerging light can be represented as a vector aligned with the polarization axes of the Polaroids. l.'ilhen the Polaroids are crossedI no light emerges because light passing through the 1st Polaroid is perpendicular to the polarization aces of the second Polaroid: no components are along its axis. Then a 3rd Polaroid is sandwiched at an angle between the 1st and 2nd, light is transmitted at an angle