Historian E.H. Carrr notes that the accidental love affair between Antony and Cleopatra paved the way for the mighty Roman Empire to emerge and thus it played a very important role in the subsequent history of the world. The battle of Actium between Mark Antony (supported by the fleet of Cleopatra, queen of Ptolemaic Egypt) and Octavian (Caesar Augustus), which was fought on September 2, 31 BC led to the downfall of the Pharaohs and the rise of the Roman Empire. The battle of Actium would not have happened if Antony did not fall in love with Cleopatra and if Cleaopatra did not have a pretty nose. EH Carrr has wondered whether such "accidents," not other greater underlying forces, have shaped human history. Historian Fukuyama looks at this issue and thinks that: Group of answer choices Cleopatra's beautiful nose indeed completely changed the direction of history. Cleopatra's beautiful nose may have temporarily changed the direction of history, but there is a fundamental long run historical trajectory in spite of such accidental events. Cleopatra did not have a beautiful nose. Opinions differ on how beautiful she actually was. Protestant ethic, not accidents, played a pivotal role in the history of economic growth. None of the above.