How do you determine this?

Difficult and failed tracheal intubations are among the principal causes of anesthetic-related mortality and morbidity. Because a good laryngeal view facilitates successful tracheal intubation, new technologies have been introduced to improve visualization. The Pentax AWS is a novel video laryngoscope, available in Japan since 2006, which is designed to facilitate intubation by providing a video image of the glottis. Abdallah et al. conducted a study to examine whether intubation with the Pentax AWS would be easier and faster than with a standard Macintosh laryngoscope with a #4 blade. The sample included 99 adult patients having a body mass index between 30 and 50 kg/m² who required orotracheal intubation for elective surgery.

The variables collected included: GRP (1=Pentax AWS, 0=Macintosh #4 blade), AGE (years), GENDER (1=male, 0=female), BMI (body mass index in kg/m²), ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status where 1=I, 2=II, 3=III, 4=IV), MALLAMPATI (score predicting ease of intubation where 1=Full visibility of tonsils, uvula and soft palate; 2=Visibility of hard and soft palate, upper portion of tonsils and uvula; 3=Soft and hard palate and base of the uvula are visible; 4=Only hard palate visible), and VIEW (Cormack-Lehane grade of glottic view where 0="not good" Cormack-Lehane grade 1 or 2; 1="good" Cormack-Lehane grade 3 or 4), INTUBTIME (intubation time in seconds), and EASE (actual ease of tracheal intubation where 0=extremely easy and 100=extremely difficult). Note that patients missing data were excluded from the analysis.

6. The interaction plot below was generated from the model in SAS Output #2. What can you say about the following figure? Before selecting an answer, take a close look at the relevant p-value(s) in SAS Output #2, too.(1 point)

1. There is a statistically significant same direction interaction between laryngoscope group and gender.
2. There is a statistically significant reverse interaction between laryngoscope group and gender.
3. While the figure shows a same direction interaction between laryngoscope group and gender, the interaction is not statistically significant.
4. While the figure shows a reverse interaction between laryngoscope group and gender, the interaction is not statistically significant.
5. The mean ease of intubation score is significantly higher for females than males.

Intercept 51 . 25000000 B 15 . 4122444 3.33 0 . 0013 Mallampati 1 -1. 39285714 B 16. 26912399 -0 . 09 0. 9320 Mallampati 2 -7. 86538462 B 16. 18332709 -0. 4 0 . 628 Mallampati 3 -11. 50000000 B 16. 88326785 . 4975 Mallampati 4 0. 00000000 B . Female ...... Male 8 8 8 8 Least Squares Means Mean Ease of Intubation Score Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey-Kramer LSMEAN Mallampati ease LSMEAN Number 49. 8571429 Pentax AWS Macintosh #4 blade 43 . 3846154 AWNH Laryngoscope Gr 39 . 750000 D WN 51 . 2500000 a. There is a statistically significant same direction interaction between laryngoscope group Least Squares Means for effect Mallampati Pr > |t| for HO: LSMean (i )=LSMean ( j) and gender. b. There is a statistically significant reverse interaction between laryngoscope group and Dependent Variable: ease gender. i/ j c. While the figure shows a same direction interaction between laryngoscope group and 0. 8039 0. 6473 0. 9998 gender, the interaction is not statistically significant. . 8039 0. 9734 0 . 9620 AWNH d. While the figure shows a reverse interaction between laryngoscope group and gender, the 0. 6473 0.9734 0. 9040 . 9998 0. 9620 0 . 9040 interaction is not statistically significant. e. The mean ease of intubation score is significantly higher for females than males. SAS Output #2 Sum of Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F SAS Output #1 Mode 11088 . 61173 3696 . 2039 4. 35 0 . 0065 Error 79852. 94949 849 . 49946 Corrected Total 90941.56122 Sum of Source Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE ease Mean 0. 121931 64 . 37514 29 . 14617 45. 27551 Model 1627 . 54474 D G 0. 6355 Error Corrected Total 90941 . 56122 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F 1009.374636 1009. 374636 1. 19 0.2785 R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE ease Mean grp gender 5434 . 159912 5434 . 159912 6. 40 0. 0131 0. 017897 68 . 08204 30. 82449 45. 27551 grp*gender 1280 .540280 1280 . 540280 1.5: 0. 2226 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F Standard Parameter Estimate Error t Value Pr > t Mallampati 1627 . 544741 542.514914 G 0.6355 Intercept 59. 54545455 B 8. 78790213 6. 18 <. grp b . standard parameter estimate error t value pr> |t| grp 0 . 00000000 B gender -9. 54545455 E . 95033976 -0.96 0. 3399gender 0 . 00000000 B grp* gender 0 0 -18 . 01010101 B 14. 66901933 -1.23 0 .2226 SAS Output #3 grp*gender 0 1 0. 00000000 B grp*gender 1 0 0. 00000000 B Sum of grp*gender 1 1 0. 00000000 B Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F Mode 9808 . 07145 4904 . 03572 5. 74 0. 0044 Error 95 31133. 48978 854 . 03673 Corrected Total 97 90941 . 56122 R-Square Coeff Var Root MSE ease Mean 0. 107850 64. 54683 29.22391 45 . 27551 Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F grp 1360 . 010225 1360. 010225 5. 11 0. 0261 gender 5053 . 676892 3. 676892 0 . 0169 standard Parameter Estimate Error t Value Pr > t Intercept 66 . 00920245 B 7 . 05515040 9 . 36 <. grp . b ho gender least squares means adjustment for multiple comparisons: tukey-kramer : lsmean1="LSMean2" ease lsmean pr> |t 43. 7392638 0. 0261 57 . 0930470 Least Squares Means Adjustment for Multiple Comparisons: Tukey-Kramer HO : LSMean1= LSMean2 gender ease LSMEAN Pr > |t/ 41 . 5000000 0. 0169 59 . 3323108SAS Output #4 SAS Output #5 Sum of Sum of Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F Source DF Squares Mean Square F Value Pr > F Model 33339.51407 8334. 87852 13 . 4 <. mode error . corrected total r-square coeff var root mse ease mean source df type iii ss square f value pr> F Source DF Type III SS Mean Square F Value Pr > F grp 6610. 69441 6610 . 69441 10 . 67 0 . 0015 age 3721 . 464262 3721. 46426 4 . 11 0 . 0455 H H 0. 18 age 1176. 34663 1176 .34663 1. 90 0 . 1715 BMI 161. 609809 161. 609809 0. 6736 gender 742 . 49208 742 . 49208 1. 20 0.2764 view 1482. 39385 1482 . 39385 34. 68 <. standard parameter estimate error t value pr> t Standard Parameter Estimate Error t Value Pr > |t| Intercept 31 . 78710587 30. 6458574 1 .0 0. 3023 age 0 . 4900544 0. 24171213 2.0 0 . 0455 . 003 BMI Intercept 38 . 27651851 B 2 . 8368974 -0 . 25560020 0 . 60497630 -0. 42 0. 6736 2.9 grp 0 -16. 63625463 B 5. 09224749 3.27 0. 0015 grp 0 . 00000000 B age 0. 27606039 . 20031521 1.38 0 . 1715 gender 7. 19514460 B .57159966 1 0 0.2764 gender 0. 00000000 B HOHO . view 9 . 60239485 B . 72446283 5.89 :. 0001 view 0 . 00000000 B