How does TCP$/$IP perform address resolution from IP addresses into data link layer addresses?

By using ARP $($Address Resolution Protocol$)$ to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on the local network.

By querying DNS $($Domain Name System$)$ servers to resolve domain names to IP addresses.

By utilizing NAT $($Network Address Translation$)$ to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses.

By employing DHCP $($Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol$)$ to assign IP addresses dynamically to devices on a network.