How much work is done on (or by) the gases in each of the following at 298 K and 1 atm? Indicate whether the work is done on or by the gas.

a) condensation of 13.0 g of water

b) reaction of 4.5 g Na(s) and 14.0 g Cl2 (g) to produce NaCl (s)

c) decomposition of 12.4 g KClO3 into KCl (s) and O2 (g)

d) reaction of 6.2 g of H2 (g) with 4.0 g of CO2 (g) to produce H2O (g) and CO (g)