Hyman J. The importance of assessing confounding and effect modication in research involving periodontal disease and systemic diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33: 102103 1.

Hyman J. The importance of assessing confounding and effect modification in research involving periodontal disease and systemic diseases. J Clin Periodontol 2006; 33: 102–103

1. How are these two articles useful/informative? How will you apply the concept(s) from these papers in your respective field of study?

2. Data from many countries indicate that biological sex, specifically being male, is a risk factor for increased risk of coronavirus infection. Please consider the role of cigarette smoke in this association based on your readings of these two articles.