I 4. (12) Carlson et al. (2000) estimate the cost savings from the 502 Allowance Marketcompared to a uniform performance standardto be $780 million per year in Phase II of the market (i.e., once all units are participating). Chan et al. (2017) estimate that cost savings were $200 million in 2002, the third year of Phase II. (Both figures are in 1995 dollars.)