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Efficacy End-Point BNT162b2 Placebo Vaccine Efficacy, % Subgroup (N=18,198) (N-18,325) 195% CIT Surveillance Surveillance No. of Time No. of Time Cases (No. at Risk) Cases (No. at Risk) Overall 2.214 (17,411) 162 2.222 (17.511) 95.0 (90.0-97.9) Age group 16 to $5 yr 5 1.234 (9,897) 114 1.239 (9,955) 95.6 (89.4 98.6) $55 yr 0.980 (7,500) 48 0.983 (7,543) 93.7 (80.6 98.8) W 265 YT 0.508 (3.848) 19 0.511 (3,880) 94.7 (66.7-99.9) 275 yr 0 0.102 (774) 5 0.106 (785) 100.0 (-13.1-100.0) Sex Male 1.124 (8,875) 81 1.108 (8,762) 96.4 (88.9 99.3) w w Female 1.090 (8,536) 81 1.114 (8,749) 93.7 (84.7-98.0) Race or ethnic group White 1.889 (14,504) 146 1.903 (14,670) 95.2 (89.8 98.1) Black or African American 0.165 (1,502) 7 0.164 (1,486) 100.0 (31.2-100.0) All others 0.160 (1,405) 9 0.155 (1,355) 89.3 (22.6 99.8) Hispanic or Latinx 0.605 (4,764) 53 0.600 (4,746) 94.4 (82.7-98.9) Non-Hispanic, non-Latinx 1 596 (12.548) 109 1.608 (12,661) 95.4 (88.9 98.5) Country Argentina 0.351 (2,545) 35 0.346 (2,521) 97.2 (83.3-99.9) Brazil 0.119 (2.129) 0.117 (1.121) 87.7 (8.1-99.7) United States 1.732 (13,359) 119 1.747 (13.506) 94.9 (88.6-98.2) * Surveillance time is the total time in 1000 person-years for the given end point across all participants within each group at risk for the end point. The time period for Covid- 19 case accrual is from 7 days after the second dose to the end of the surveillance period. The confidence interval (CI) for vaccine efficacy is derived according to the Clopper-Pearson method, adjusted for surveillance time. $ Race or ethnic group was reported by the participants. "All others" included the following categories: American Indian or Alaska Native. Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, multiracial, and not reported. Report a 95% CI for the incidence rate ratio from question 53 . (you can do the direct computations, but do not need to as you can utilize the relationship between the incidence rate ratio and vaccine efficacy that you report in Homework 2 to arrive at these endpoints based on the 95% CI for vaccine efficacy.) a. (0.90 , 0.979) b. (1.02, 1.11) c. (0.021, 0.10) d. (-0.979, -0.90) 95% CI From 0.05