I believe that transitional ballistics should be considered a distinct category rather than a sub-category of external ballistics. Transitional ballistics, which focuses on the phase when a projectile transitions from subsonic to supersonic speeds, is a critical phase in a bullet's flight path that impacts its overall trajectory and performance. This phase introduces unique challenges, such as the formation of shockwaves and changes in aerodynamic properties that are distinct from the behaviors seen during the projectile's time in flight at stable velocities.

Modern developments of polymer-tipped and very-low-drag (VLD) bullets have caused the trajectories of older cartridges to have been significantly altered. Polymer tips improve the ballistic coefficient by reducing drag and enhancing the aerodynamics of the bullet, leading to a flatter trajectory and better retention of velocity over distance. VLD bullets, with their long, streamlined shapes, are designed to minimize air resistance, allowing them to maintain high speeds and stability throughout their flight. These advancements have led to improvements in accuracy at longer ranges and more predictable bullet behavior, even under varying environmental conditions. VLD bullets are something new to me as I am typically shooting cheap range ammunition to poke holes in paper / knock down steel targets or duty ammunition for work. However, per Grand View Outdoors two popular VLD hunting rounds are the Berger VLD and the Nossler AccuBond LR.

Over the years, projectiles have undergone numerous improvements to counteract environmental factors that impact ballistic performance, such as wind, humidity, and temperature. The use of materials like copper and the inclusion of advanced coatings have reduced friction and improved resistance to deformation upon impact, allowing projectiles to perform more consistently. Additionally, the integration of boat-tail designs has helped mitigate the effects of aerodynamic drag, allowing modern projectiles to achieve greater accuracy and range, even in challenging atmospheric conditions. These advancements have revolutionized long-range shooting, offering superior performance in a wider range of environments.