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1, outlines how changes in the labour market have impacted on the balance between wages and profits in either the UK, the US or both in the last twenty to thirty years and which then shows how relevant economic analysis can be used to highlight the possible impacts on wage determination and working conditions of the recent rise in Trade Union activity.

2. Considering an overall evaluation of how this might restore a more equal share between the workers and shareholders of an organisation's revenues and the extent to which this will improve working conditions. (use relevant economic theory and analysis)

3. Describe briefly how the balance between wages and profits have changed over the past 2 to 3 decades in either the UK, the US or both. Identify and explain how theory would suggest businesses operating in labour market conditions, where they have all the power, would set wages at a level that favours profit maximisation.

4. Apply relevant economic theory to show how changing labour market conditions caused by increased trade union power and activity, as suggested in the articles, might impact on the determination of wages.

5. In the case of the extract on the UK rail strike in particular, consider the meaning and significance of flexibility that employers want to link to any pay settlement.

6. Use economic theory and examples from your research to evaluate what might determine the outcome of negotiations over wages and changes in labour market conditions.

Assessment Title After years of declining trade union power in both the USA and Europe, changing labour market conditions are seeing a revival of trade unions with an increased focus on the implications of this for wage determination and labour market conditions. Assessment Task In the last decades of the 20th century trade union membership fell to less than 20 per cent in 48 out of 92 countries surveyed by the International Labour Office. In only 14 of the 92 countries surveyed did trade union membership exceed 50 per cent of the total workforce. In the UK and the USA, the last decade of the 20th century saw trade union membership fall by 25 per cent and 21 per cent respectively. Your initial task is to do some desk based research to see if this decline in union membership was reflected in the wages share of company revenues during this period. However, your research should also recognise the tightening of labour market conditions in recent years that have seen a revival of trade union membership and activity which could impact wage negotiation /determination. The 3 extracts below will give you some useful information about the revival of trade union membership and activity and these can act as a guide to frame your thoughts about how the economic theory and models that determine wages might be changing. You should consider wage determination in markets where all the power to determine wages lies with employers (monopsony) to one where trade unions bring power to both sides of the labour market (bilateral monopoly) when analysing labour market changes. These extracts are adapted from The Guardian newspaper and The Economist magazine and you can use these as references in your assignment, but you should look for other sources of information as well to support your research. You are required to submit a report that outlines how changes in the labour market have impacted on the balance between wages and profits in either the UK, the US or both in the last twenty to thirty years and which then shows how relevant economic analysis can be used to highlight the possible impacts on wage determination and working conditions of the recent rise in Trade Union activity. You should also consider an overall evaluation of how this might restore a more equal share between the workers and shareholders of an organisation's revenues and the extent to which this will improve working conditions. It is vital that you use relevant economic theory and analysis in your report. Article 1 US unions see unusually promising moment amid wave of victories Adapted from Guardian articles by Steven Greenhogse Wed 16 Mar 2022 and Michael Sainatg a Fri 1 Apr 2022 The recent, much-publicised wave of union victories in the US at companies as varied as the giant coffee chain Starbucks, trendy outdoor outfitters REI and media group the New York Times is spurring hopes that this will somehow turn into a much larger unionization wave that lifts the incomes and improves the working conditions of millions of Americans. Union strategists are debating whether there are ways to transform the wins at Starbucks - workers at six Starbucks have voted to unionize so far - into a wave of unionization at McDonald's and other fast-food companies, and whether the REI victory could be a springboard to victories elsewhere in retail, perhaps at Walmart or Whole Foods. While the recent union wins fuel optimism, the Bureau of Labour Statistics reported in January that just 10.3% of US workers are in unions and just 6.1% in the private sector. In the 19505, more than one in three private-sector workers were in unions, in the 19805, more than one in five. Now it's just one in 16. However, another union breakthrough came when Amazon workers in New York have voted to form a union in what labour leaders are calling a \"historic victory" against the US's second largest employer. In Staten Island, New York, 2,654 warehouse workers voted yes to forming a union, while 2,131 voted no. The Staten Island victory marks the first successful US organizing effort in the company's history. Organizers have faced an uphill battle against Amazon, which now employs over one million people in the US and is making every effort to keep unions out. *Continued on the next page* Amazon workers there are seeking longer breaks, paid time off for injured employees and an hourly wage of $30, up from a minimum ofjust over $18 per hour offered by the company. The estimated average wage for the borough is $41 per hour. \"You have thousands of people who are standing up at Amazon wanting to be part of this movement,\" one union leader said. \"It relates to how people feel they were treated during the pandemic. Their contributions were not being rewarded sufficiently, and the risks they took were not being recognized sufficiently. Workers felt the callous indifference of too many employers. Plus, workers were concerned about the profiteering that was going on and the exponential explosion of income inequality. The same union leader went on to say \"Moreover, workers feel unusually empowered because of a low unemployment rate and a record number of job openings.\" Article 2 In a tight labour market, strikers have more leverage than before Adapted from an article in The Economist October 21St 2021 The pandemic has been very good for sellers of cornflakes, and very busy for those who make them. With so many people spending so much time at home, cereal consumption has boomed. Kerry Williams, an instrument technician, says this has translated into almost constant overtime shifts at his Kellogg's plant in Pennsylvania, sometimes as long as 16 hours a day. That would be hard enough. But what makes it that much harder, he says, is seeing Kellogg's, one of the world's biggest producers of ready-to-eat cereals, pull in giant profits even as his pay has barely increased. \"We feel it's time that this money trickles down to us, because without the workers on the floor there would be no Kelloggs," he says. Mr Williams and about 1,400 colleagues at Kellogg's factories round the country, from Tennessee to Michigan, have been on strike for two weeks. They are far from alone. On October 14th about 10,000 employees of John Deere, a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, walked off the job in five states. More than 20,000 nurses and workers in California and Oregon with Kaiser Permanente, a health-care company, have voted to strike. About 60,000 behind- the-scenes film and television workers were also set to head to picket lines, having voted 99% in favour of a strike, but a last-minute deal averted that. Partly it is the resumption of trends visible before covid-19. Nearly half a million workers were involved in work stoppages in both 2018 and 2019, the most in more than three decades. That reflected both dissatisfaction with pay and working conditions and the unions' confidence that, in a tight labour market, they had leverage. The pandemic has only reinforced these dynamics. Having been lauded as essential workers for the past 18 months, everyone from nurses to food-packers expects better treatment. And with companies struggling to find staff, workers are emboldened. A dominant feature of the American economy over the past few decades has been sluggish wage growth. The question now is whether these recent breakthroughs by unions signal a clearer turning-point, a shift in the balance of power towards labour. Workers have reason for guarded optimism. Several things have weighed against wages and conditions for workers across the rich world. Advances in technology, including automation, have chipped away at workers' bargaining power. So, too, has the globalisation of production. In America the weakness of unions has exacerbated these trends. Just one worker in ten belongs to a union today, half the proportion of the early 19805. The previous decline in tradeunion membership can be seen in the chart below: I Union station United States, trade-union membership % ofemployed 40 w 30 20 k \\ 10 Private I'l[llIIIIIIIIIITlfTr'lrTmr'r'l'l'l'lil'l 0 1983 90 95 2000 05 10 17 Source: Bureau of Labour Statistics Strikers seem to have the public on their side, at least for now. Opinion polls suggest that 68% of Americans support unions, up notably from a decade ago. \"Everyone in this country is a little tired of the greed,\" says Allan Torres, a middleaged veteran of Kellogg's packing operations. Article 3 Rail workers to strike across Britain on 27 July, union announces Adapted from an article in The Guardian by Jasper Jolly Wed 13''1 July 2022 The railways will grind to a halt again on 27 July as staff stage another national strike in an ongoing dispute over pay, jobs and conditions. As many as 40,000 members of the Rail, Maritime and Transport (RMT) union at train companies and Network Rail will walk out for 24 hours on Wednesday 27 July, with two other rail unions also considering dates for industrial action. Union leaders made the announcement after rejecting a new offer from Network Rail which they described as \"much too little". The state-owned company, which runs Great Britain's rail infrastructure and most of its big stations, on Tuesday offered a 4% pay rise for the whole of 2022, followed by a possible 4% next year if workers accepted changes in working conditions. However, the RMT said these represented \"attacks on their terms and conditions\". The union said it had yet to receive a pay offer or guarantees over job losses from the train operating companies. The dispute comes with relations between unions and the government at a low, amid widespread industrial action being considered by workers from barristers to cleaners and teachers. Workers supplying cash and supplies to subpost offices are due to stage their second 24hour strike on Thursday in a protest over pay, after strikes by employees at 114 crown post offices on Monday. Mick Lynch, the RMT's general secretary, criticised \"stubborn" train operating companies for not making an increased pay offer, and said: \"Strike action is the only course open to us to make both the rail industry and government understand that this dispute will continue for as long as it takes, until we get a negotiated settlement. \"The offer from Network Rail represents a realterms pay cut for our members and the paltry sum is conditional on RMT members agreeing to drastic changes in their working lives."