i need a reply for both summary with scholarly sources listed as references.

question 1. The use of nonverbal cues in communication is crucial. They include, among other things, eye contact, tone of speech, gestures, and facial emotions. Nonverbal indicators that express attitudes, feelings, and intentions add crucial context and improve how well people grasp communication as a whole. In an article from the Department of Communication at the University of Arizona, substantial evidence shows the benefits of non-verbal communication, "Research indicates that individuals who exhibit nonverbal skills in these arenas tend to have more academic and occupational success, larger and more effective social networks (and, consequently, less loneliness, shyness, depression, and mental illness), more satisfying marriages, and decreased levels of stress, anxiety, and hypertension" (Burgoon, & Bacue, 2003) Effective communication depends on being mindful of nonverbal signs. Misunderstandings and misinterpretations can result from nonverbal cues that contradict or undercut spoken communication. For instance, expressing "I'm doing great" while scowling and crossing your arms conveys a different message. Nonverbal clues aid in effectively detecting and interpreting underlying emotions and intentions. Individuals can improve the efficacy of their message by adjusting their communication style in response to nonverbal cues when they are aware of them. A person's ability to control their own nonverbal conduct and maintain consistency between verbal and nonverbal communication is also made possible by knowledge of nonverbal clues. Therefore, nonverbal awareness encourages more honest and transparent communication. Noel Otu adds to the conversation in his article Decoding Nonverbal Communication in Law Enforcement. His article goes on to say that in order to connect with one another, express oneself, and foster stronger relationships, nonverbal communication can be a crucial technique (Otu, 2015). The focus of Otu's study was on the proficiency of law enforcement personnel in reading nonverbal cues. According to the findings, police officers should maintain close physical proximity, direct eye contact, and a professional demeanor since doing so demonstrates dominance and authority. By paying attention to nonverbal cues, individuals can hone their communication abilities, fostering stronger bonds and more fruitful interactions (Guerrero, Andersen, & Afifi, 2014). The effectiveness of communication can be greatly increased by recognizing and exploiting nonverbal cues, which can result in improved outcomes in a variety of personal and professional settings.

References

Burgoon, J. K., Bacue, A. E. (January 2003). Nonverbal Communication Skills. Department of Communication, University of Arizona. Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publicationLinks to an external site./286657978_Nonverbal_communication_skills

Otu, N. (January 2015). Decoding Nonverbal Communication in Law Enforcement. Salus Journal, Vol. 3. No. 2. Retrieved from: https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.264350093655814

question 2. In the case study presented this week, Dr. Farrah-Fowler is unarguably in an impossible situation. It is the ethical responsibility of all healthcare providers to strive for the best outcomes for their patients. Still, sometimes provider and patient opinions on what is best may oppose each other. Patients had little to say about their medical decisions in the past, but today patients have a right to autonomy. According to Dr. Carolyn Bernstein, patient autonomy is the patient's right to make medical decisions without being coerced by the provider (Bernstein, paras. 1-2). Leonard has the right to refuse medical interventions and exercises that right with a binding legal contract. The case study states that Leonard was willing to sign forms outlining his refusal to accept a blood transfusion even in the face of peril and to release the doctor of liability. He chooses to sign these documents not once but twice, which indicates his firm belief in the decision. His decision was made pre-operatively with a complete understanding of the risk, essentially a form of advance directive. According to the National Institute of Health, "advance directives are legal documents that provide instructions for medical care and only go into effect if you cannot communicate your own wishes." (NIH, para. 4). If Dr. Farrah-Fowler was uncomfortable with the risks involved with Leonard's wishes, he could have chosen not to operate and referred him to another surgeon. He, however, decided to proceed after the refusal was signed twice, which affirms his choice to uphold Leonard's wishes.

As to the hypothetical that Leonard later gave verbal consent agreeing to a blood transfusion if medically necessary, if that was the case, then a new consent should have been signed. Law & Ethics for Health Professionals states, "We live in a litigious society." (Judson, p. 3). If Leonard had initially refused treatment in the form of a written contract and later verbally recanted, Dr. Farrah-Fowler would have been well within his rights to insist that a new consent be signed. The doctor would not have breached the contract if a new consent had been signed permitting a blood transfusion.

For the second hypothetical, if Leonard were 17 years old when he signed the refusal forms, he would still be a minor, so the consent would not be binding. According to Senior Risk Manager Ann McNary, "In most states, age 18 is the age of majority and thus, before treating a patient under the age of 18, consent must be obtained from the patient's parent or legal guardian." (McNary, para. 4). In the original case study, Beverly, Leonard's mother, gave consent for the blood transfusion after Leonard was unconscious. To that logic, Beverly must not have the same convictions towards blood transfusion and would have given parental consent for the transfusion initially.

A contract holds firm the legal agreement between two parties. While mostly referred to as a covenant, several Bible verses outline the importance of a contract. "Brethren, I speak after the manner of men; Though it be but a man's covenant, yet if it be confirmed, no man disannulleth, or addeth thereto." (KJV, 1769/2008). Leonard put his trust in Dr. Farrah-Fowler that their contract would be honored. Although it must be unimaginably hard for a healthcare provider to withhold life-saving measures, Dr. Farrah-Fowler was contractually obligated to do so in this case.

References

Bernstein, C. (2018). Take control of your health care (exert your patient autonomy). Harvard Health Publishing. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/take- control-of-your-health-care-exert-your-patient-autonomy-2018050713784Links to an external site.

Harrison, C., Judson, K. (2021). Law and Ethics for Health Professionals, Ninth Edition. McGraw Hill Education. https://prod.reader- ui.prod.mheducation.com/epub/sn_f1ea7/data-uuid-23d07fa1ce554c078415ea9506def7e1Links to an external site.

King James Bible. (2008). Oxford University Press. (Original work published 1769).

McNary, A. (2014). Consent to Treatment of Minors. National Library of Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4008301/#:~:text=There%20physicians%20are%20often%20faced,patient's%20parent%20or%20lega l%20guardianLinks to an external site..

National Institute of Aging. (2022). Advance Care Planning: Advance Directives for Health Care. National Institute of Health. https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/advance-care-planning-advance-directives-health- care#:~:text=called%20advance%20directives.-,What%20are%20advance%20directives%3F,of%20attorney%20for%20health%20careLinks to an external site..