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In order to strengthen the above password scheme, the bank investigates the following two different solutions: Using an exponential backoff scheme, i.e., introduces a delay of xn between consecutive failed authentications. The backoff scheme begins when a user attempts to authenticate and fails. The system waits x0=1 second before reprompting for the name and authentication data. If the user fails again, the system re-prompts after x1 ax seconds. After n failures, the system waits n1 seconds - Using One-Time Password (OTP) tokens. A standard taken displays a variable password consisting of 6 digits. For the sake of simplicity, consider that the OTP tokens are eventbased. 3. Calculate the probability of successfully breaching an online account for each of the above options (in the time period between 2 consecutive password changes) using the botnet, le.: a. Standard password scheme with exponential backoff using x=1.1 second for the base delay. [2\%] The probability of successfully breaching an online account using a standard password scheme with exponential backoff using x-1.1 second for the base delay is relatively fow, as the delay between failed authentication attempts increases with each failure, making it more difficult for a botnet to repeatedly guess the correct password. However, this solution does not take into account the possibility of a botnet using a large number of IP addresses to bypass the backott delay. b. Multifactor authentication scheme combining standard