Identify at least 5 scholarly articles published within the last 5 years that address how theory is actually been applied. These references are highlighted in yellow. 1. Critically evaluate the appropriateness and this of the uses to which theory has been applied. 2. Consider: are the applications premised upon an accurate understanding of the theory and its scope? 3. Do the applications \"go beyond\" what the theory claims? 4. Is the reasoning linking application theory sound? Chose from the references below Introduction - Theory The theory is a statement or thought whereby it constitutes a series of a number of abstractions which may be hypothesized, issued, or demonstrated (Rychlak, 1968). A theory produces a proposition which links the variables and their relationship which may vary in their levels of abstraction, objectivity-subjectivity, realism-idealism, perspective, and formality-informality (Rychlak, 1968). Wacker (1998), stated that the definition of theory is that it must contain 4 basic criteria, namely; conceptual terms, domain limitations, relationship-building, and predictions. Theories are based on frameworks for analysis to develop in most cases, a predictable and practical real-world problem (Wacker, 1998). The question of \"what is the theory?\" has been asked numerous times with offers of numerous definitions and opinions, in addition to criteria (Gay & Weaver, 2011). Because of the plethora of definitions, it makes defining theory extremely difficult and one of the primary reasons is that theorists and researchers approach such from their respective activities, views, and paradigms (Torraco, 2002). In summary, a theory must answer the very basic question of \"why\" (Sutton & Staw, 1995). Harlow (2010), stated that theory does not have a fixed and universal meaning, thus reflecting on various research paradigms. Harlow further contended that theory normally has a central role particularly in descriptive case studies. However, theory and hypotheses are not the same. There are a number of theory taxonomies which comprise the following: 1. hypothetico-deduction (also called nomothetic, positivism, post positivism, empirical-analytical, or hierarchialism); 2. inductive-synthesis (also called ideographic, grounded theory, Constructivism, or interpretive theory); and 3. critical theory (also called radical, neo-Marxist, or social justice theory) (Gay & Weaver, 2011). In general theories and research have a relationship whereby theories generate into hypotheses and these hypotheses are tested in further research. Once the researchers test the data, the theory may be modified. In idea or goal of researchers discovered that laws or truths that may be generalized across populations which then lead to hypotheses testing perspectives (Gay & Weaver, 2011). Theory A theory is a question that has been tested thus demonstrating that the theory is consistent with the facts, particularly in science, and a hypothesis is a proposition to explain the occurrence of a particular phenomenon based on the fact that there is a high probability that this is so. A theory on the other hand may be a set of rules or assumptions that will produce expected and constant results. There are a number of theories by definition and these include rival and deductive. The former theory, rival, would indicate that the board's work is not undistorted and that is what is to be determined as \"invisible\" and that the directors are heavily conditioned by their experience in working on particular boards (Mantysaari, 2011). Review - Sundramurthy, Paukthuanthong, & Kor There is been much research involving corporate boards and CEOs and the synergies between them. There have been some theories put forward none of which cover the gap in my planned research. However Sundramurthy, Paukthuanthong, & Kor, (2013), theorized that the higher the accumulated or past experience of the CEO, the stronger the effect on board members in reducing IPO under-pricing and another hypothesis was that the interaction of the CEO and board scientific, educational background or reduce the IPO under-pricing (in biotechnology firms). The interesting thing about their research was that they stated that there was a need for further research in the critical interaction effects between the experience sense of the CEO and the board which is the main part of my dissertation. Review - Hambrick, Misangyi, & Park Hambrick, Misangyi, & Park (2015) stated that boards of directors to charges, protecting interests of the company's shareholders/stakeholders. The researchers contended that their theoretical perspective was in predicting effective monitoring to focus on individual directors arguing that effective monitoring is hardly likely when the given director possesses certain qualities (Hambrick, Misangyi, & Park, 2015, p. 323). Furthermore, these researchers stated that directors including the CEO were incapable of the challenging task of monitoring themselves and their performance and that the company's likelihood of governance failures would be reduced by having just one \"quad-qualified\" director where a quad-qualified director is defined as having multiple qualities in independence, expertise in that particular domain, \"bandwidth\1 Introduction - Theory The theory is a statement or thought whereby it constitutes a series of a number of abstractions which may be hypothesized, issued, or demonstrated (Rychlak, 1968). A theory produces a proposition which links the variables and their relationship which may vary in their levels of abstraction, objectivity-subjectivity, realism-idealism, perspective, and formality-informality (Rychlak, 1968). Wacker (1998), stated that the definition of theory is that it must contain 4 basic criteria, namely; conceptual terms, domain limitations, relationship-building, and predictions. Theories are based on frameworks for analysis to develop in most cases, a predictable and practical real-world problem (Wacker, 1998). The question of \"what is the theory?\" has been asked numerous times with offers of numerous definitions and opinions, in addition to criteria (Gay & Weaver, 2011). Because of the plethora of definitions, it makes defining theory extremely difficult and one of the primary reasons is that theorists and researchers approach such from their respective activities, views, and paradigms (Torraco, 2002). In summary, a theory must answer the very basic question of \"why\" (Sutton & Staw, 1995). Harlow (2010), stated that theory does not have a fixed and universal meaning, thus reflecting on various research paradigms. Harlow further contended that theory normally has a central role particularly in descriptive case studies. However, theory and hypotheses are not the same. There are a number of theory taxonomies which comprise the following: 1. hypothetico-deduction (also called nomothetic, positivism, post positivism, empirical-analytical, or hierarchialism); 2. inductive-synthesis (also called ideographic, grounded theory, Constructivism, or interpretive theory); and 3. critical theory (also called radical, neo-Marxist, or social justice theory) (Gay & Weaver, 2011). 2 In general theories and research have a relationship whereby theories generate into hypotheses and these hypotheses are tested in further research. Once the researchers test the data, the theory may be modified. In idea or goal of researchers discovered that laws or truths that may be generalized across populations which then lead to hypotheses testing perspectives (Gay & Weaver, 2011). Theory A theory is a question that has been tested thus demonstrating that the theory is consistent with the facts, particularly in science, and a hypothesis is a proposition to explain the occurrence of a particular phenomenon based on the fact that there is a high probability that this is so. A theory on the other hand may be a set of rules or assumptions that will produce expected and constant results. There are a number of theories by definition and these include rival and deductive. The former theory, rival, would indicate that the board's work is not undistorted and that is what is to be determined as \"invisible\" and that the directors are heavily conditioned by their experience in working on particular boards (Mantysaari, 2011). Review - Sundramurthy, Paukthuanthong, & Kor There is been much research involving corporate boards and CEOs and the synergies between them. There have been some theories put forward none of which cover the gap in my planned research. However Sundramurthy, Paukthuanthong, & Kor, (2013), theorized that the higher the accumulated or past experience of the CEO, the stronger the effect on board members in reducing IPO under-pricing and another hypothesis was that the interaction of the CEO and board scientific, educational background or reduce the IPO under-pricing (in biotechnology firms). 3 The interesting thing about their research was that they stated that there was a need for further research in the critical interaction effects between the experience sense of the CEO and the board which is the main part of my dissertation. Review - Hambrick, Misangyi, & Park Hambrick, Misangyi, & Park (2015) stated that boards of directors to charges, protecting interests of the company's shareholders/stakeholders. The researchers contended that their theoretical perspective was in predicting effective monitoring to focus on individual directors arguing that effective monitoring is hardly likely when the given director possesses certain qualities (Hambrick, Misangyi, & Park, 2015, p. 323). Furthermore, these researchers stated that directors including the CEO were incapable of the challenging task of monitoring themselves and their performance and that the company's likelihood of governance failures would be reduced by having just one \"quad-qualified\" director where a quad-qualified director is defined as having multiple qualities in independence, expertise in that particular domain, \"bandwidth\