Identify the following errors as systematic or random.

A thermometer is placed such that the bulb makes poor contact with the measured substance, giving erratic temperature readings.

Systematic

A few drops of water are on a balance pan, causing the mass output on the balance to be high each time it is used.

Random

A micropipet is improperly calibrated, and the balance dispensed is always smaller than expected.

Systematic

The last digit on a pH meter fluctuates up and down as a measurement is taken. Random