If a firm cannot invest retained eamings to earn a rate of return greater than or equal to the required rate of return on retained earnings, it should return those funds to its stockholders. The cost of equity using the CAPM approach The yield on a three-month T-bill is 3%, the yleld on a 10 -year T-bond is 4.51%. The market risk premium is 8.58% and the Wilson Company has a beta of 0.88 . Using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) approach, Wilson's cost of equity is The cost of equity using the bond yield plus risk premium approach In contrast, the Kennedy Company is closely held and, therefore, cannot generate reliable inputs with which to apply the CAPM method to estimate its cost of internal equity (retained earnings). However, its management knows that its outstanding bonds are currently yielding 10.37%, and the firm's analysts estimate that the risk premium of its stocks over its bonds is currently 1.62%. As result, Kennedy's cost of internal equity ( ri)-based on the own-bond-yield-plus-judgemental-risk-premium approach-is: 11.99% 14.39% 14.99% 11.39% The cost of equity using the discounted cash flow (or dividend-yield-plus-growth-rate) approach Pierce Enterprises's stock is currently selling for $21.00 per share, and the firm expects its per-share dividend to be $2.25 in one year. Analysts project the firm's growth rate to be constant at 4.40%. Using the discounted cash flow (or dividend-yield-plus-growth-rate) approach, what is Pierce's cost of internal equity? 14.35% 12.84% 20.40% 15.11% Estimating growth rates It is often difficult to estimate the expected future dividend growth rate for use in estimating the cost of ekisting equity using the DCF (or dividendyield-plus-growth-rate) approach. In general, there are three avallable methods to generate such an estimate: - Carry forward a historical realized growth rate, and apply it to the future. - Locate and apply an expected future growth rate prepared and published by security analysts. - Use the retention growth model. Suppose Pierce Enterprises's is currently distributing 65% of its earnings as cash dividends. It has also historically generated an average return on equity (ROE) of 8.00%. It is reasonable to estimate Pierce's growth rate is