IHE 6980 HW 4 In all problems, use appropriate notation to show all work for full credit. Use appropriate notation throughout. Turn in a single MS Word file (with the exception of when I ask for it, handwritten = no credit). I will also neither open nor examine raw data files and Excel spreadsheets. Include screen shots of relevant figures, tables and etc. 1. Redo HW 3 acting as a reviewer for your own proposal 2. Consider the following presented results from a study, A1. In this study, the camp group was deprived of smart phone/electronic access and attended a weekend retreat, while the control group was not. Both groups were tested with the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Behavior (DANVA 2) before and after a weekend. This test considers evaluating non-verbal cue detection. DANVA2 consists of 48 photos of faces (24 children and 24 adults) with happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotions in both high and low intensity (A1). These photos of children and adult faces were each flashed onto a screen for 2 s after which participants recorded on a sheet the emotion the actor exhibited. Total possible correct can be assumed to be 48 Scoring assessed the average number of errors made (assumed out of 48 faces) in the identification of emotions (A1), Figure 1. Uhls et al. concluded that the camp group showed a significant improvement and hence the treatment worked. Use confidence intervals of a proportion to critically examine their results (produce the plot in your submission. Considering a significance level of 5%, evaluate the conclusions of Uhls et al. Assume that the mean number of error is out of 48 total. Do you believe that there is difference between the pre and post test results? Fig. 1, Mean errors by group, pre and post treatment, copied directly from Uhls et al. [Uhl14] A1. Uhls, Yalda T., et al. "Five days at outdoor education camp without screens improves preteen skills with nonverbal emotion cues." Computers in Human Behavior 39 (2014): 387-392. For the following 2 problems: (a) Perform a statistical analysis of the data (including hypothesis testing and confidence interval construction) that you think would yield useful information for the researchers. (b) State all assumptions that are necessary to validate your analysis. (c) Find p values for all computed test statistics. (d) Describe the population(s) about which you think inferences based on your analysis would be applicable. 3. A study by Bell (A2) investigated the hypothesis that alteration of the vitamin D-endocrine system in blacks results from reduction in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and that the alteration is reversed by oral treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. The eight subjects (three men and five women) were studied while on no treatment (control) and after having been given 25hydroxyvitamin D3 for 7 days (25-OHD3). The following are the urinary calcium (mg/d) determinations for the eight subjects under the two conditions. Subject A B C D E F G H Control 66 115 54 88 82 115 176 46 25-OHD3 98 142 78 101 134 158 219 60 A2. NORMAN H. BELL, \"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3[r] Reverses Alteration of the Vitamin D-Endocrine System in Blacks,\" The American Journal of Medicine, 99 (December 1995), 597-599. 4. D'Alessandro et al. (A3) wished to know if preexisting airway hyperresponsiveness (HR) predisposes subjects to a more severe outcome following exposure to chlorine. Subjects were healthy volunteers between the ages of 18 and 50 years who were classified as with and without HR. The following are the FEV1 and specific airway resistance (Sraw) measurements taken on the subjects before and after exposure to appropriately diluted chlorine gas: A3. ALESSANDRA D'ALESSANDRO,WARE KUSHNER, HOFERWONG, HOMER A. BOUSHEY, and PAUL D. BLANC, \"Exaggerated Responses to Chlorine Inhalation Among Persons with Nonspecific Airway Hyperreactivity,\" Chest, 109 (1996), 331- 337. 5. The following table shows the results of a survey in which the subjects were a sample of 300 adults residing in a certain metropolitan area. Each subject was asked to indicate which of three policies they favored with respect to smoking in public places. Can one conclude from these data that, in the sampled population, there is a relationship between level of education and attitude toward smoking in public places? Let a .05. 6. Consider the following results presented in a journal (A1). This paper is freely accessbile online, in case you wish to examine it yourself. Assume a 5% significance whenever needed. This study examines non-verbal cue recognition using a test. Their study consisted of two groups: a (1) a camp group (Ncamp=51); and (2) a control group (Ncontrol=54). Table I reports the ethnic composition of both groups. Table I. Ethnic Makeup of Camp and Control Groups Camp Control Sample Size 51 54 White 26 (51%) 11 (20% Hispanic 9 (18%) 9 (17%) Asian 9 (17% 19 (35%) African American 1 (2%) 1 (2%) Other/mixed 6 (12%) 14 26%) Uhls et al. used a t-test (assumed to paired or pooled) to determine the groups were different \"(t(105) = -2.95, P < 0.01).\" - Is this an appropriate method to compare these groups? Did they perform the t-test appropriately? Do you agree with their approach and result? Using this table, verify if these groups are similar or not