Imagine that while cleaning out your great-grandfather's attic, you find a rucksack containing a journal and a sheaf of papers. Your great-grandfather, a noted entrepreneur and businessman, was also an accomplished amateur explorer. The journal, which appears to be written in your great-grandfathers hand, is a diary describing a series of visits to a small uncharted island called Rodos, in the northern Atlantic during the late 1800s. The journal and papers contain notes made during his conversations with Valdimar, king of Rodos, when they discussed the kingdoms business and economic conditions.

NotesFebruary 1, 1878

Background on the Kingdom and Economy of Rodos

	Rodos is a small agrarian island kingdom. Most Rodosian citizens live in small towns or in rural areas. King Valdimar and his royal court, on the other hand, live in the countrys single, geographically centralized city.
	King Valdimar, an enlightened ruler, wants to create an economy that improves Rodosians standard of living and quality of life. He is also concerned with being as fair as he can to each citizen.
	The king has vast property holdings, but he does allow his citizens to own real and personal property, which can be used to generate the income to improve their standard of living and to pay their taxes.
	Tax revenues are used to provide for the islands defense and general services, such as a postal system and the construction and maintenance of roads, bridges, and similar structures.
	Financial markets are rudimentary but effective. Citizens and businesses with more income than they require may deposit their funds into banks, who in turn may lend these funds to qualified borrowers.
	Rodoss equity markets are more constrained; owners are not allowed to sell more than 49% ownership of their company. So, though equity markets exist, there arent many companies nor large numbers of shares bought and sold.

Selected Provisions of the Rodosian Tax Code

	King Valdimars current tax regime, both personal and corporate, is intended to be fair to everyone. The personal tax assesses the same tax2,400 sodors (SR) per yearon each person, regardless of circumstance (rich or poor) or station (member of court, businessman, craftsman, or fisherman).
	The taxable income of all businessesregardless of form (proprietorship, partnership, or corporation)is subject to a 12% tax rate.
	Neither interest on borrowed funds nor dividends on outstanding shares are allowed to be paid using pre-tax income. Normal operating expenses, however, are tax-deductible.

As you read through the journal notes, you decide to take the rucksack to your finance class tomorrow to enhance the class discussion of the effect of taxes on decision making. However, to ensure that you are ready for this discussion, youve prepared and answered the following outline of topics and questions to be addressed. (Hint: For a brief reminder of relevant terms, click on the Definitions tab. Also, dont confuse the behaviors of the average Rodosian with your ownparticularly when attempting to predict future behaviors.)

Definitions

Term	Description
Disposable income	The income that remains after the deduction of taxes and other mandatory charges. This balance is available for spending or saving as desired.
Excise tax	This tax, which is levied on the consumption of certain products, is frequently included in the price of the product.
Luxury tax	A tax levied on products or services that are deemed to be unnecessary, excessive, or nonessential to a normal standard of living.
Flat tax system	Also called a proportional tax system, this scheme requires each taxpayer to pay the same tax rate. An example of a flat rate is a sales tax.
Progressive tax system	This tax scheme imposes lower tax rates on less affluent taxpayers and higher tax rates on wealthier taxpayers.
Regressive tax system	This scheme requires each taxpayer to pay the same dollar amount regardless of income. An example of a regressive tax is a user fee for a bridge or toll road.
Sin tax	This tax is levied on products or services that the government perceives as vices. This tax, which also generates additional government revenue, is intended to discourage the consumption of these goods or services without making their use illegal.

I.	What general observations can be made regarding tax systems in general and the Rodosian tax code?
A.	In general, there are three different types of tax systems: progressive, regressive, and flat tax systems. The existing Rodosian system imposed on individual (personal) taxpayers is an example of a ______ system. One benefit of the existing system is that it increases the kingdoms tax base because every citizen pays taxes; as a result, every taxpayer should care about how King Valdimar spends his tax revenue. However, as the wealth or income of an individual taxpayer decreases, the proportion of his or her income or wealth spent on taxes ________ .
B.	In contrast, the existing system imposed on businesses is an example of a _____system. A benefit of this arrangement is that all business organizationsregardless of income or asset holdingspay the same________ .

II.	How does the current tax system affect the decisions, behaviors, and condition of an individual Rodosian citizen and/or business?
A.	In general, taxes are classified as ______ and ________ both an individuals disposable income and a businesss after-tax profits.
B.	An advantage of the existing personal tax requirement is that it allows an individual Rodosian to keep _______ of his or her income as his or her total income increases. The requirement of a constant annual tax payment of SR2,400 means that as his or her annual income increases from SR24,000 per year to SR54,000, the proportion of his or her income lost to taxes decreases from ____ to ____ . In general, this type of tax arrangement should be expected to ______ the average individual Rodosian to improve his or her income and quality of life.
C.	A second advantage of Rodoss existing personal tax arrangement is its ______ , which makes it _____ expensive to comply with the requirement. Everything else being equal, this characteristic tends to _______ a citizens disposable income.
D.	Similarly, an advantage of the current business tax requirement is that it is identical for all business organizations. According to this arrangement, a business organization will be able to retain _____ for every pre-tax sodor earned. From these after-tax profits, it will then pay any owed on its borrowed capital and any _____ to its shareholders. Given these provisions, the current system ______the use of one form of financing (debt versus equity) over the other. This is because the arrangement allows for the tax deductibility of ___________ financing.

The sheaf of papers accompanying the journal describes several potential revisions to the Rodosian personal and business tax code, including replacing the existing system with a progressive tax system, the assessment of different luxury and sin taxes, and/or modifications of the provisions of the current system. Two of the specific proposals include the following:

Policy Proposal 1: Replace the existing system with a progressive tax system that would tax business and individuals, using these schedules:

Business Tax Rates

If your Taxable Income Is	You Pay This Amount on the Base of the Bracket	Plus This Percentage on the Excess over the Base
Up to SR8,000,000	SR0	12%
SR8,000,000-SR15,000,000	SR960,000	18%
SR15,000,000 - SR31,000,000	SR2,220,000	24%
SR31,000,000-SR47,000,000	SR6,060,000	30%
SROver 47,000,000	SR10,860,000	36%

Personal Tax Rates

If your Taxable Income Is	You Pay This Amount on the Base of the Bracket	Plus This Percentage on the Excess over the Base
Up to SR8,000	SR0	6%
SR8,000 - SR28,000	SR480	10%
SR28,000 - SR62,000	SR2,480	16%
SROver 62,000	SR7,920	25%

Given these tax schedules, calculate the tax liabilities for:

	Nals Clothworkers Company, which earns an income of SR35,000,000
	The following three individual taxpayers: (1) Styrr, a baker earning SR24,000 per year; (2) Bera, a farmer earning SR54,000 per year; (3) Einar, a banker earning SR96,000 per year

Note: Round your average tax rate answers to two decimal places.

Taxpayer	Tax Obligation	Average Tax Rate
Nals Clothworkers	SR	%
Styrr	SR	%
Bera	SR	%
Einar	SR	%

If you were a Rodosian taxpayer, such as Styrr, Bera, or Einar, would you prefer the existing tax system or the progressive tax system? Why?

____ The progressive tax system, because my tax obligation would be significantly greater than that incurred under the existing system. This would reduce my disposable income.

_____ The existing tax system, because my tax obligation would be greater than that incurred under the progressive system. This would reduce my disposable income.

______ The existing tax system, because my tax obligation would be significantly less than that under the progressive system. This would increase my disposable income.

Policy Proposal 2: Assess a special tax on businesses that own more than 10 horses or oxen.

What effect will this tax have on Rodosian businesses?

_____This tax on more than 10 horses or oxen has the potential to penalize businesses from growing beyond a certain level. This will reduce the Treasurys tax revenues and potentially limit the growth potential and sales of businesses that provide goods and services to the taxpayers being assessed.

______This is an example of a sin tax.

______ The tax will not affect the businesses being assessed the tax or the Treasurys tax revenues.