In 1973, the U.S. Congress held hearings on the subject of free trade before voting on the 1974 Trade Reform Act. Lobbyists representing producers and labor unions from 21 different industries presented arguments to support their positions. The positions taken by capital and labor are summarized as follows:

POSITIONS TAKEN BY CAPITAL AND LABOR (21 INDUSTRIES IN 1973) Position of Labor Position of capital Protectionist Free-Trade Protectionist 14 Free-Trade