In 1999, Patrick Shand was wrestled to the ground by security guards at a grocery store in Toronto. He was handcuffed and restrained, and he died there in the store, after being accused of shoplifting baby formula.

In Feb. 2004, the coroners inquest ruled that Shands death was accidental, and that he died of complications from acute and chronic cocaine use. One of the findings was that Shand may not have died if the guards who apprehended him had been trained in the use of force and lifesaving. The inquest made several recommendations to Ontarios security industry. For example, it recommended that all in-house security guards and bouncers in Ontario be licensed and receive mandatory training in areas such as First Aid, CPR, the use of force, the hazards of restraint asphyxia and excited delirium, and appropriate use of handcuffs and expandable batons. The inquest concluded that it is important that the government act quickly, responsibly and diligently. The Ontario government responded by creating the Private Security and Investigative Services Act in 2005 with a deadline for 22,000 uncertified security guards and bouncers to be certified by August 2008.

The Act included mandatory training standards on knowing what was contained in both, the Private Security and Investigative Services Act as well as the Trespass to Property Act. Furthermore, it required basic knowledge on the power of arrest; the use of force; communications and public relations skills, first aid and CPR. It also mandates basic standards for report writing, note taking, and diversity sensitivity as well as the use of equipment (handcuffs and batons).

Security guards and bouncers must pay $80 to meet the new requirements. However, the Ministry of Correctional services did not implement the training but simply made recommendations to the industry. Thus, despite the proposed curriculum and government plans for a 40-hour mandatory training program, the licensing requirements required security and bouncers to submit an application, pay a fee and pass a criminal check. No training was required. As a result, security guards and bouncers continued to work at local stores and nightclubs without the basic training needed to save lives.

Other provinces have programs in place. B.C. has a 40-hour course for security guards that is taught by the same people who train the police. Ontario was slow to implement the training program. And the problem did not go away. In 2008 a 20-year-old man in Hamilton died after being pinned to the ground by security guards who suspected him of stealing a $15 radiator hose in a Canadian Tire store.

In June 2008, bouncers found a woman unconscious and frothing at the mouth in the back of an after-hours club. The bouncers did not have first aid training and did not know how to help the woman who later died.

In April, 2010 the new Basic Training and Testing regulation came into effect. The regulation requires that individuals must take a basic training course and pass a ministry test before they can apply for a license. The security training must consist of 40 hours of in-class training and must include certification for Emergency first aid training. Basic security training can be obtained through web-based learning, virtual classrooms butt must include some real time interaction with an instructor.

END OF CASE STUDY

1. The Ministry will pay for the training outsourcing it from a firm that trains the police in Ontario. They will pay $1000 per security guard/bouncer to have each one go through the program.

The Ministry estimates the cost saving from this training to be substantial as they will not need to send in police and ambulance services for every incident that occurs. They anticipate that each security guard faces 5 serious incidents in their career with police and ambulance participation. With this training police and ambulance will be required at only 1 incident per security guard. If each incident costs the ministry $1000 in police and ambulance there will be a substantial cost savings to come from this training. Read this part carefully. You need to calculate the savings

a) Explain how you would apply Kirkpatricks's model OR the COMA model to evaluate the training.

b) What is the total cost of training all the security guards/bouncers in Ontario for the Ministry? Show your calculations.

Estimate the net-benefit of the training for security guards and bouncers. Show your calculations. Briefly would you run this training based on the net benefit?

Estimate the benefit cost ratio (BCR) for the security guard training program. Show your calculations. Briefly, what does this ratio tell you?