In 2009, David Tucker quit his job at a large beer company to start his own brewery, Arizona Microbrewery, Inc. (AMI). His family supported his decision and invested in the business along with David. AMI began operations on January 10, 2010 and now produces four labels of specialty beers (Saguaro Pale Ale, Bisbee Bock, Ocotillo Amber Pilsner, and Sedona Stout).

In much of the United States (including Arizona), beer is sold in a "three-tier" system. Under this system, beer is manufactured by producers, sold to distributors, who then sell to retailers (such as liquor stores, drug stores, and grocery stores). David employs two salespeople who receive a fixed monthly salary plus an 8 percent commission. All beer is sold to beer distributors (primarily in the Southwestern United States) in cases of 24 bottles. Product sales and cost information for 2013 are shown in Exhibit 1 with additional information in Exhibit 2. David rents a facility that is used to make the beer, a refrigeration area to store the beer, and a small office area. AMI brewery has five machines with 9,300 total machine hours available per year to produce beer (assuming AMI remains on one shift with some normal maintenance, breaks, etc.). While there is an empty space in the facility that could be used to expand the beer operations, the company would need to purchase an additional grain hopper and brew house for about $100,000 (the current water system and process control system could be expanded to handle the new machine). Beers are aged in a refrigeration area prior to sale. The current refrigeration unit allows for different temperatures in different areas of the unit and the unit is usually running about 80 percent full. Keeping the refrigeration unit somewhat full helps reduce refrigeration costs. Additionally, since the company is so new, sales have been growing but erratic (from 2010 to 2011, sales growth was over 45 percent; however, from 2012 to 2013, sales growth was only 12 percent). Thus, keeping more beer on hand allows the company to meet the erratic demand without loss of sales.

David has not taken a salary since the business started. While the business has been generating a small profit, David has been reinvesting the earnings in the business. He wants to grow the business to generate more profit for his family and himself. David has been considering increasing the price on Sedona Stout from $26.50 per case to $29.00 per case. He thinks that, with this price increase, unit sales will decrease from 4,184 cases to 3,750 cases per year. However, this would only reduce total annual Stout revenues to $108,750 from $110,876. Alternatively, David could drop the price of Sedona Stout to $25 per case. This is much closer to the Bock price as well as the Pilsner. Based on his market research, he thinks that this will result in Stout sales increasing to 4,700 cases per year. He is leaning toward this alternative as this will increase Stout revenues from $110,876 to $117,500 per year.

While the company has some cash on hand, neither the company nor David's family have another $100,000 to invest in the business right now for a new grain hopper and brew house. Since the business is new and has been showing only small profits, David has not been able to get a loan to expand the business. Instead, David wants to fully utilize the machines they already have. In 2013, they used a little over 8,300 machine hours (as shown in Exhibit 1) and the existing five machines have a total of 9,300 machine hours available during the year (assuming normal maintenance and some repairs needed during the year). Thus, the existing machines haveapproximately 1,000 additional hours available for use. David wants to keep producing and selling all four of his product lines because many of the beer distributors like buying from breweries that offer several different beers. However, he wants to direct the salespeople to emphasize a certain product when they are out talking to the beer distributors. Given the current machine availability, David is not sure what beer product line to tell the salespeople to emphasize in order to maximize his profits.

Finally, David and his family love root beer. Root beer follows a somewhat similar process to beer in that the ingredients are mixed together to form a "culture" that then goes through fermenting, filtering, and filling. Root beer would not need to be aged or stored in the refrigerator. There is an empty area in the current microbrewery facility that could be dedicated to making root beer. As a result, David has been talking with his family about producing and selling a line of specialty root beer. Root beer would be produced using different machinery rather than the existing five beer machines. David's sister knows someone who is getting out of the soda business and would be willing to sell the used machinery needed to make the root beer for $8,000. Based on market research he has done, David thinks that he could charge $16.50 per case of root beer. Based on the same market research, there is a lot of uncertainty in how many cases of root beer the company could sell. David is less familiar with the root beer market and there is a wide range in sales of specialty root beer in the local groceries. Based on his understanding of the market, he thinks he could sell between 3,000 and 12,000 cases of root beer per annum with likely sales of about 6,000 cases.

Root beer could be sold to some of his current distributors. However, soda does not need to be sold through the three-tier system that is required for alcohol sales. Therefore, much of root beer sales would be directly to upscale groceries such as La Grande Orange Grocery and Pizzeria in Phoenix and Whole Foods and AJ's Fine Foods with locations throughout Arizona. David could produce the root beer in-house or out-source the production. David has talked with another company who could produce the root beer for AMI using David's recipe and AMI could sell it as their brand (this option is referred to as "private label"). It could be purchased from this other company for $13.05 per case. AMI would still need to incur some variable handling costs and some minor fixed costs. Alternatively, AMI could produce the root beer in house. See Exhibit3 for estimated cost information.

EXHIBITS ATTACHED.

Panel A: Per Case Information Sales Price Direct Materials per case Direct Labor per case Variable Overhead per case Total Variable Cost per case Contribution Margin per Case Cases Sold last year Direct Labor Hours per case Total Direct Labor Hours last year Machine Hours per case Total Machine Hours last year Saguaro Pale Ale $21.00 2.75 3.75 5.90 12.40 $8.60 12,593 0.25 3,148.25 0.20 2,518.60 Bisbee Bock $24.50 2.90 3.75 6.18 12.83 $11.67 7,126 0.25 1,781.50 0.40 2,850.40 Panel B: Contribution Margin Income Statement Saguaro Pale Ale Sales $264,453.00 Variable Costs 156,153.20 Contribution Margin $108,299.80 Direct Fixed Costs 10,329.62 Segment Margin 97,970.18 Common Fixed Costs Operating Income Taxes (35%) Net Income Bisbee Bock $174,587.00 91 .42658 $83,160.42 8,392.91 $74,767 .5 1 0cotillo Amber Pilsner $160,434.50 83,630.75 $76,803.75 6,017.39 $70,786.36 4,184 0.35 1 ,464.40 0.30 1 ,255.20 Sedona Stout $ 1 1 0,876.00 65,228.56 $45,647.44 9,893.92 $35,753.52 Total 30,730 7,759.55 8,330.95 Total $710,350.50 396,439.09 $313,911.41 34,633.84 $279,277.57 245,389.44 $33,888.13 1 1,860.85 $22,027.28 EXHIBIT 2: Additional Cost Information Panel A: Details of Total Variable Costs Direct Materials $93,537.20 Direct Labor 116,393.25 Production Supplies 26,064.41 Variable Portion of Maintenance 40,892.55 Variable Portion of Utilities 27,610.57 Variable Ofce Supplies (sales forms, etc.) 3,493.88 Shipping Costs 31,619.19 8% Sales Commission 56,828.04 Total Variable Costs $396,439.09 Panel B: Details of Total Fixed Costs (Direct and Indirect) Brew Master/Quality Control Manager $60,293.15 Receiving and Shipping Department Expenses 22,511.32 Depreciation 1 1 ,7 l 2. 10 Facility Costs (rent, taxes, insurance, etc.) 78,938.15 Advertising and Marketing Costs 22,994.91 Fixed Portion of Maintenance (including IT support) 9,992.98 Fixed Portion of Utilities (including refrigeration) 10,390.37 Fixed Portion of Ofce Supplies 4,305.66 Fixed Salary of Salespeople 32,221.81 Administrative Staff to Assist Owner 26,662.83 Total Fixed Costs $280,023.28 EXHIBIT 3: Root Beer Panel A: Alternative 1Produce In-House Direct Materials per case Direct Labor per case Variable Overhead per case Total Variable Costs per case Additional Fixed Costs (per year) These are recurring costs and do not include the initial purchase cost of the machine. Panel B: Alternative 2Out-Source Production Purchase price per case Variable Overhead per case Total Variable costs per case Additional Fixed costs (per year) $1.75 2.25 3.60 $7.60 $37,640.00 $13.05 0.10 $13.15 $6,000.00