In 2009, the Philadelphia Department of Public health (PDPH) was interested in studying the risk factors associated with heart disease. They recruited two cohorts of participants. A total of 2,648 participants were recruited for each cohort from the City of Philadelphia. The participants were asked if they consumed read meat (exposure) in 2009 at the beginning of the study. In 2019, staff from PDPH searched the participants' medical records to see who had developed heart disease. The following table summarizes what they found:

FIRST COHORT - Table 1: Meat consumption and heart disease among Cohort 1 participants in Philadelphia, 2019.

Heart disease(Disease) No heart disease(No disease). Total

Eat red meat(Avg. Age 75) 1,048 211 1,259

Do not eat red meat (Avg Age 30) 259 1,130 1,389

Total 1,307 1,341 2,648

Calculate the cumulative risk of the exposed

4.97

0.83

4.05

0.80