In 2013, Sherman et al. conducted a study to examine how different forms of communication (text messaging, vs. video chat vs. telephone conversation) can influence feelings of closeness and bonding among friends. They instructed participants to come into the lab with their best friend, and randomly assigned them to engage in a 5-minute conversation in one of the three modalities (text message, video chat, or phone conversations). After the conversation, they measured feelings of closeness on a scale of 1-20. Let's imagine that you decided to replicate this study with 45 participants (15 participants in each group). You can find the data in the questions below.

1. What is the appropriate test statistic to calculate to figure out if the three groups differ?

Dependent samplet-test

Independent samplet-test

ztest

an ANOVA (Ftest)

2. State the null hypothesis.

Ho: 1 2 3

Ho: X1 X2 X3

Ho: X1 = X2 = X3

Ho: 1 = 2 = 3

3. State the alternative hypothesis

Ho: 1 2 3

H1: 1 = 2 = 3

Ho: X1 = X2 = X3

H1: X1 X2 X3

4. What is the acceptable level of risk?

P<.1>

P>.05

p<.05>

P= .5

Use this table below to answer the following questions. ANOVA Table SS df MS F Between 160.04 ?? ??? Within 315.87 ??Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Closeness Tukey HSD Mean 95% Confidence Interval (1) Group (J) Group Difference (1-J) Std. Error Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound Text Message Video Chat -.66667 97958 .776 -3.0465 1.7132 Phone 4.40000 97958 000 2.0201 6.7799 Video Chat Text Message 66667 97958 .776 -1.7132 3.0465 Phone 5.06667" 97958 000 2.6868 7.4465 Phone Text Message -4.40000' .97958 .000 -6.7799 -2.0201 Video Chat -5.06667" .97958 000 -7.4465 -2.6868 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level