In a case-control study designed to investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, a sample of 50 people was selected. Cigarette smoking is believed to lead to lung cancer (i.e. smoking is the risk factor). Twelve (12) of the people selected for the study had lung cancer (10 of whom smoked) and 38 did not have lung cancer (20 of whom smoked). Do these data suggest that the development of lung cancer is associated with cigarette smoking?

Options:

a) We cannot conclude based on the data

b)The percentage of people with lung cancer is different between those who smoke and do not smoke cigarettes

c)The development of lung cancer is caused by cigarette smoking

d)The development of lung cancer is independent of cigarette smoking