In actual practice, does the Fed monetize the debt?

a.No longer, although it monetized much of the deficit in the 1980s.

b.Yes, although it monetizes less now than in the 1980s.

c.No, it did not do so even with large deficits in the 1980s and early 2000s.

d.Yes, it has monetized the deficit steadily since the early 1970s.