In addition, the mushrooms convert lignin cellulose into carbohydrates. These carbohydrates, the waste from the mushroom farm, are given to the cattle. The cattle used to get food that had only 2% carbohydrates; now their food has 45% carbohydrates, thanks to the good work done by the mushrooms. So now we have a 45% carbohydrate feed stock for cattle, which is high quality feed. The cattle and the chicken produce much less methane with this type of feed, but they still do produce a lot. We catch all their droppings in a digester, which then generates steam. The largest digester we have is in Beijing, in a brewery that produces 800,000 litres of beer a year. It's one of the largest breweries in China. All the steam they need in the brewery comes from the digester; from the waste of the chickens and cattle. It's a very efcient process. So our chickens and cattle become a source of energy. We are not used to looking at a chicken as a source of energy; we look at it as the source of eggs and food. But a chicken is also one of the most efcient methane generators in the world. With three chickens and one cow, you can have electric light all evening in your home. mmmnmmmmmmzx or seven ponds the size of a hectare, one next to another, and we treat all our slurry that way. Sustainability Value Chain Breakout A linear value chain for the production of cars is set forth below. It looks something like this: Instructions: Read the fact pattern below and draw a value chain for the process. LET ME NOW illustrate the details of industrial clustering with the concrete example of a beer brewery. To introduce the idea of industrial clustering, I began to promote the zero- emissions LET ME NOW illustrate the details of industrial clustering with the concrete example of a beer brewery. To introduce the idea of industrial clustering, I began to promote the zero- emissions concept, which is closely associated with the clustering of industries. Zero emissions means that we don't have waste any more. We eliminate the concept of waste. We know from nature that this can be done. What is waste for one species in an ecosystem is food for another. So, when one industry produces waste, it has to look for someone else who knows how to use it. This is not just theory; it's what we've put in practice in three breweries: one in Fiji, one in Tanzania and one in Namibia. When you make beer you have solid waste, C02 waste, heat waste and liquid waste. In solid barley waste you have 70% bre and 26% protein, plus a few other things. In our three breweries we're growing mushrooms on the bres. In collaboration with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Hong Kong Chinese University, we've developed a system to grow mushrooms on the spent grain. You can have up to ve harvests of mushrooms in one batch of spent grain, and we've even succeeded in producing high-priced mushroom delicacies like shiitake and miyatake. None of the mushroom experts around the world ever thought of growing them on beer. As a systems thinker; I asked: what can we do with the bres? We discovered that bre is a mushroom feed, and so we use our bre as mushroom feed. Now, with the 26% protein waste, we're cultivating earthworms. Earthworms like hot, sticky, wet environments, in which they convert vegetable proteins into animal proteins. To give you a gure, a middle-sized brewery with an annual production of 100,000 litres of beer will give you 10 tons of solid waste a day. 70% of that you can use to grow mushrooms. But what I found even more interesting is that with one ton of solid waste, you can produce about 130 kilos of earthworms. Therefore, a mid-sized brewery will produce about 1.3 tons of earthworms a day. That's a lot of earthworms. We feed them to chickens. So now we also have a chicken farm linked to our brewery. What this means is that there's no need to have any aid programmes for food in Tanzania. Just convert the sixteen breweries into chicken farms, and mushroom farms. You can create massive amounts of food. On top of it, the food is extremely healthy. Now, the digester also generates waste, called slurry, which has a very high BOD (biological oxygen demand). This is considered a problem by environmentalists, because of the large amount of oxygen that has to be added. The Chinese and the Vietnamese have worked with very high BOD slurries before. They put them into sh ponds on which they have oating gardens, so the roots of the owers and ryes and tomatoes extract all the food. It's like oating hydroponics. Within twenty four hours, the BOD of 1,000 (which is what our digesters give us) is broken down to a BOO of 25, without adding oxygen. So we have oating gardens and seven kinds of sh are bred in the ponds, which is the traditional Chinese way of dealing with slurries. This is nothing new; it's what the Chinese have been doing for thousands of years. We are now applying this at our industrial site which means that we have six or seven ponds the size of a hectare, one next to another, and we treat all our slurry that way