In April and May 2007, cyber attackers targeted the country of Estonia. In a matter of hours, the online portals of Estonia's leading banks crashed, along with the principal newspaper websites. Critical government websites were also down amidst widespread social unrest and rioting, which left 150 people injured and one Russian national dead. At the time, the Russian government was suspected to have sponsored the attacks. In particular, there was evidence of attacks originating from Russian IP addresses, and the fact that the dispute occurred during a public dispute between Estonia and Russia. You are a member of Estonia's Cyber Emergency Response Team (CERT-EE) tasked with recommending a course of action to the President. He has asked your opinion on three matters: (1) do these attacks violate the U.N. Charter; (2) are they "armed attacks" under international law; and (3) can they be attributed back to Russia?