In each of the following case, state whether the entailment is valid or not with brief reasoning $(25$ points$)$

a$.$ Does $x-$entail $x{*}^{{?}^{?}}{x}_5^{{?}^{?}}{x}_{3}3?$

b$.$ Does $x{*}^{{?}^{?}}{x}_3^{{?}^{?}}{x}_{3}3$ entail $x*?$

c$.$ Does $x$ entail $xvv{x}_{3}vv{x}_{3}3?$

d$.$ Does $x*vv{x}_{5}vv{x}_{3}3$ entail $x?$

e$.$ Does $x{*}^{{?}^{?}}{x}_5$ entail $x*vv{x}_5?$