In his book Outliers, Malcom Gladwell presents the hypothesis that the failure to communicate within the cockpit at to Air Traffic Control is deadly. He cites the following example from Avianca 052 (Latin American Carrier): The issue is the weather. The fog is so thick that Klotz (co-pilot) and Caviedes (pilot) cannot figure out where they are. Poy close attention, l.../ note the length of the silences between utterances and to the tone of Klotz's remarks. Caviedes: The runway, where is it? I don't see it. I don't see it. They take up the landing gear. The captain tells Klotz to ask for another traffic pattern. Ten seconds pass Caviedes [seemingly to We don'thavefuel. himself]: Seventeen seconds pass as the pilots give technical instructions to each other. Caviedes: I don't know what happened with the runway. I didn't see it Klotz: I didn't see it. Air Traffic Control comes in and tells them to make a left turn. Caviedes: Tell them we are in an emergency! Klotz: [to ATC]: That's right to one-eight-zero on the heading and, ah, we'll try once again. We're running out of fuel. Caviedes: What did he say? Klotz: I already advise him that we are going to attempt again because we now we can't... Four seconds of silence pass Caviedes: Advise him we are in an emergency. Four more seconds of silence pass. The captain tries again. Caviedes: Did youtell him? Klotz: Yes, sir. I already advise him. Klotz starts talking to the ATC-going over routine details Caviedes: Advise him we don't have any fuel Klotz gets back on the radio with ATC Klotz: Climb and maintain three thousand and, ah, we're running out of fuel, sir. ATC: And Avianca zero-five-two heavy, ah, I'm gonna bring you about fifteen miles northeast and then turn you back onto the approach. Is that okay with you and your fuel? Klotz: I guess so. Thank you very much. Avianca 052 crashed on its second attempt to land at Kennedy airport, at no point in the transcript does the co-pilot Klotz tell ATC that they have no fuel and are experiencing an emergency. Gladwell ties this tragedy to culture based communication related to Power-Distance: Klotz sees himself as subordinate to his Captain, and subordinate to the ATC - it is not his job to solve the problem; he has communicated to ATC how he knows best and ATC has responded as they interpreted his speech. With this information in mind, please respond to the following: India is experiencing an unprecedented expansion in its aviation industry as it expands to meet the demands of its growing middle class. Like Columbia, India is also a high-power distance culture, where generally, communications between superiors can be interpreted as conforming to a hierarchy. Do you see any risks with India's aviation expansion related to its culture? If yes, how can these risks be mitigated? If no, what good examples can other countries take and apply from India's rapid expansion