In our discussion of expert systems (ESs) in Section 10.6.1, we saw that the increased use of ES technology in professional fields has generated some ethical and social concerns. Some ethical controversies surrounding ES have to do with critical decisions, including life and death decisions; for example, should expert doctors be allowed to make decisions that could directly result in the death of, or cause serious harm to, a patient? If so, who is ultimately responsible for the ESs decision? Is the hospital that owns the particular ES responsible? Should the knowl- edge engineer who designed the ES be held responsible? Or is the ES itself responsible? In answering these questions, you may want to consult relevant sections of Chapter 4, where we discussed responsibility for software-related accidents such as the case involving the therac 25 system. this is on the text book ethics and technology 4th edition