In our legal system, the decision of a court of first instance

a$.$ can only be overruled by the Supreme Court of Canada.

b$.$ can only be overruled by a similar court of first instance.

c$.$ can only be overruled by a similar court of first instance and an appeal court.

d$.$ can only be overruled by either an appeal court or the Supreme Court of Canada.

e$.$ can only be overruled by an appeal court.

When it comes to interpreting statutes, a precedent is formed when courts

a$.$ decide on the meaning of the language of the statute.

b$.$ decide what the language of the statute means; whether it applies to the facts of a case; and, if it does, its consequences.

c$.$ determine whether the statute applies to the facts of a case.

d$.$ decide on the consequences of the statute when applied to a particular case.

e$.$ use and apply an existing case to the case being dealt with.

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