In Penn Central, which of the following is not part of the judicial analysis to determine the constitutionality of a land use regulation?

A. the character of the government action.

B. there is no set formula for the ad hoc analysis.

C. interference in the distinct investment-backed expectation of the property owner.

D. courts are to consider only the portion of the property that is taken by the regulation.

E. the economic impact of the regulation.