Question
***In r coding for statistics, you can put the syntax only because I can not put the excel data here*** In a classic experiment (from
***In r coding for statistics, you can put the syntax only because I can not put the excel data here***
In a classic experiment (from the 1920s) into ESP (the proposed human capacity for psychically reading the minds of other people) a researcher had one person (the "sender") shuffle a deck of special picture cards, then pull them one at a time, stare at them, and attempt to project the image into the mind of a second person in the next room (the, "receiver"). The idea was that if a receiver could guess the picture more often than chance would suggest, then this would support the psychic hypothesis.
And it apparently worked. The researcher found a statistically significant effect. These results were touted for the next twenty years as proof of ESP, despite other researchers being unable to replicate the results. When others ran similar the experiments, the effect didn't appear. They asked the original researcher to share more details of his procedures, along with his raw data for reanalysis. He was happy to discuss his procedures, but refused to turn over his raw data, casting further suspicion on the finding.
The data were hand-written columns of numbers -- he had used numbers to designate which card had been dealt during each trial.
Data were recorded by hand, using numbers to indicate the picture card. | |
1 | Star |
2 | Circle |
3 | Square |
4 | Wavy lines |
5 | plus symbol |
A match between the card and the guess by the receiver was coded as a 1 A mismatch (failure) was coded as a 0.
For example...
Draw Success?
4 1
3 0
5 0
The above would indicate three trials -- Wavy lines, which the receiver successfully identified, square, which the receiver failed to identify, and a +, which the receiver also failed to identify.
Load the execl file into R, and perform all calculations with R.
Claim 1: The researcher claimed that his results showed a success rate that simple chance couldn't explain (note that he considered either a positive or negative deviation from chance as indicative of psychic powers, because he considered it possible that some people might suppress correct answers, just as others might psychically find them).
- Consider the sample in the file. Given the described experiment these data represent, how many successes would you expect through random chance? How many successes are there? What p value did you find? Given the overall rate of success across all trials, does the researcher have evidentiary support for his claim?just write syntax only(it is binom.test by the way if I am not mistaken)
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