In Table 3-4, we found that the relationship between income (independent variable) and 2012 presidential vote choice (dependent variable) was not consistently negative: Obama's support declined across the first three income quintiles and then increased among the highest two quintiles. The author speculated that people in the higher ranges of income are more liberal on social issues, such as abortion rights, than are people of lower incomes. These liberal attitudes might, in turn, have led to increased support for Obama.

Test the income-abortion attitudes hypothesis: In a comparison of individuals, those with higher incomes are more supportive of abortion rights than are those with lower incomes. The following table, based on data from the 2012 American National Election Study, presents raw cell frequencies for a cross-tabulation that will allow you to test the hypothesis.

Income Ouintile Abortion Opinion 1 2 3 4 5 Total Always allow % % % "/o % % (452) (447) (471) (515) (625) (2.511) Not always allow % % % % % % (724) (741 ) (691) (547) (454) (3,1 57) Total % % % % % % (1.176) (1,188) (1,162) (1,063) (1,079) (5,668) Note: Frequencies are given in parentheses