In the 1970s, one million college-bound students were surveyed and asked to compare themselves to their peers. Some of the key findings of the survey were as follows:

70% of the students rated themselves as above average in leadership ability, while only 2% rated themselves as below average in this regard.

With respect to athletic skills, 60% of the students rated their skills as above the median and only 6% of students rated themselves as below the median.

60% of the students rated themselves in the top 10% in terms of their ability to get along with others, while 25% of the students felt that they were in the top 1% in terms of this interpersonal skill.

1- What type of cognitive bias reveals itself in the data mentioned above?

2- How might this cognitive bias adversely influence a managers planning, controlling, and decision-making activities? 3- What steps could managers take to reduce the possibility that this cognitive bias would adversely influence their actions?