In the analysis, you determine the following:

Crude OR = 2.0 OR (males) = 3.5 OR (females) = 3.3 Adjusted OR = 3.4

The best interpretation of these results is:

Group of answer choices

A. There is no association between exercise and heart disease.

B. There is no need to provide stratified results.

C. The true association between gender and heart disease is obscured by exercise.

D. The true relationship between exercise and heart disease appears to be confounded by gender.

E. It is hard to say without the benefit of confidence intervals, but a preliminary look seems to indicate that rather than gender being a confounder, it may be an effect modifier.