In the duration model $($both annual and semiannual compounding$),$ why is there a negative sign in front of the duration?

To reflect that there is a negative relationship between coupon rates and interest rate risk.

To reflect that there is a positive relationship between time to maturity and interest rate risk.

To reflect that there is a negative relationship between interest rate changes and bond price changes.

To reflect that there is a positive relationship between duration and interest rate risk.