In the promotion of body culture and physical training in the $1880$ s through the early $1900$ s$,$ all of the following played an important role EXCEPT

the influence of Eugen Sandow, hailed as the world's strongest man, on bodybuilding

moving images of the body presented by the kinetoscope developed by Thomas Edison

the inability of Bernarr Macfadden to interest readers in body culture and contests for the perfect body discussed in Physical Culture magazine

Macfadden's beauty contests that titillated viewers with their emphasis on tight$-$fitting clothing and natural beauty