In the $q,$ approach, management showers employees with all kinds of information.

The $$ c$$ncerns an individual's sense of responsibility, autonomy, and cooperation within the participative system.

Anwar was recently hired at Acme Motors because the company had been criticized for treating Muslim customers poorly. He was selected to be the "spokesperson" to the Muslim community. He has been feeling very isolated in this role. He is suffering the effects of $q,$

$q,,$ or collective beliefs about how organizations work and how change happens, can be confirmed, or disrupted during an organizational change.

Decision making based upon past experiences in similar contexts is said to be

$q,$ decision making.