Indicate if each of the following statements is true or false.

1. A virtual machine for a programming language L compiles source programs in L into equivalent programs in a lower-level language.
2. The Java Virtual Machine is a hardware machine that directly executes Java byte-code.
3. The same native machine code can be directly executed on a variety of different hardware machines with different instruction sets.
4. Execution of a program by a virtual machine is mush faster than its direct execution by a hardware machine.
5. Virtual machines provide portability, i.e., programs can be run on a variety of different hardware machines with virtual machines installed.
6. Compilation of high-level programs into lower-level intermediate or native machine code increases execution speed since the compiled code is directly executed by a hardware machine.
7. Code optimization is the process of detecting variable/function/class names violating scope rules.
8. The use of intermediate code facilitates the lexical analysis phase of compilers.
9. The use of intermediate code facilitates the syntactic analysis (i.e. parsing) phase of compilers.
10. The use of intermediate code facilitates generation of better-optimized native machine code.
11. The use of intermediate code facilitates construction of compilers that compile multiple high-level languages into multiple native machine languages.