Institutional investors facing the Double Agency Problem - The first agency problem is the traditional one, where the shareholder is the principal and the company director is the agent. In the second agency relationship, however, the principal is the ultimate beneficiary of an institutional investor and the agent is the portfolio manager - one that manages other peoples money.

Required:

How institutional investors adequately advance the goals of the individuals who give the institutions their money?.

How institutional investors contribute significantly to undesirable shorttermism in their publicly held investee companies?